城市污泥脱水干化技术进展

污泥处理与处置问题是世界性难题,而无论采取何种处置方式,污泥的脱水干化都是其必要前提。对现有的污泥脱水干化技术进行了研究,分别介绍了污泥浓缩技术、脱水技术和干化技术,详细阐述了其各自的现有技术手段、达到的干化效果和研究进展。并指出物理化学调理联合机械脱水是目前主流的脱水技术,而热干化是最为成熟的干化技术。重点描述了目前工程上应用比较多的工艺技术,以及污泥的脱水干化对于污泥农用、燃料化、焚烧和填埋等处理处置方式的积极作用。     

污泥的电渗透脱水技术研究进展

污泥的处置困难,其关键是含水量过高。为了综合利用和最终处置,需对污泥作脱水处理。所以在整个污泥处理系统中,脱水是最重要的减量化手段。文章介绍了常规的污泥脱水方法,并且介绍新型污泥脱水技术-电渗透脱水技术（EDW）的原理及该技术在国内外污泥脱水领域的研究进展,指出了电渗透脱水的优势及存在的问题。最后,对其研究发展作了展望。     

恒电流模式下污泥电渗透的脱水性能及能耗分析

对传统机械脱水后的污泥采用电渗透技术进行二次脱水,在恒电流模式下研究了电流密度、机械压力、污泥厚度、初始含水率对脱水效率及能耗的影响.结果表明:在恒电流模式下,增加电流密度和初始含水率及降低污泥厚度对污泥电渗透脱水速率有促进作用.脱水后的最终含水率随着机械压力和初始含水率的增加及污泥厚度的降低而降低.电渗透脱水的最佳工艺参数为:电流密度为178.3 A·m~(-2),机械压力为31.4k Pa,污泥厚度为0.8 cm,初始含水率为81.5%,脱水后污泥的含水率可降至51. 3%.恒电流模式下污泥电渗透脱水单位能耗为0. 135～0. 269kW·h·kg~(-1),初始含水率对能耗影响最大,初始含水率每增加2%,单位能耗平均降低0.05 kW·h·kg~(-1).     

生物沥浸处理对城市污泥脱水性能的影响研究

通过摇瓶培养试验研究了生物沥浸处理对城市污泥离心脱水率、污泥过滤比阻、泥饼压缩系数等脱水性能的影响,并分析了生物沥漫过程中污泥Ph、Fe2 、Fe2 、污泥颗粒Zeta电位、粳粒粒径分布的变化.研究表明,以亚铁和硫作为复合能源物质时,污泥经过生物沥浸处理后,其离心脱水率可从原始污泥的60%提高到74.4%;污泥比阻从处理前的1.83×109 s2·g-1下降到0.39×109 s2·g-1,降低了79%,压缩系数也从原始污泥的0.98降低为0.58,明显好于其他处理,达到不加絮凝剂而可直接机械压滤脱水的性能要求.研究还表明,污泥生物沥浸处理后.随着Ph的下降,污泥颗粒Zeta电位趋于零以及污泥20～60μm粒径范围的颗粒含量明显减少,可能是污泥脱水性能改善的重要原因之一.可见,污泥生物沥浸处理是一种在去除重金属的同时能够改善污泥脱水性能的技术.     

污泥的改性调理压榨脱水研究进展

污泥深度脱水可以大大减小污泥的体积,降低管理、运输、处理成本,便于后续脱水污泥的资源化利用。污泥的化学及物理调理是改善污泥脱水性能最有效、最常用的方法。本文介绍了压榨脱水几种技术,并对污泥改性调理情况进行探讨。     

改善污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌的分离及其促进污泥脱水的机制初探

探讨污泥中丝状真菌对污泥脱水性能的影响及其机制,对生物法强化污泥脱水技术的发展具有重要意义.本研究从剩余污泥中分离筛选可以提高污泥脱水性能的丝状真菌,并分析其改善污泥脱水性能的具体机制.结果表明,在剩余污泥中存在着可以促进污泥脱水性能改善的丝状真菌,从中分离筛选出1株毛霉属的真菌Mucor circinelloides ZG-3,该菌对改善污泥脱水性能具有良好的效果.该丝状真菌处理剩余污泥过程中污泥的脱水性能改善效果主要受到接种方式、接种浓度和污泥含固率的影响,其最适接种方式为菌丝体接种,最适接种浓度为10%,最适污泥含固率约为4%.在最适条件下处理污泥可使污泥比阻降低75.1%,显著改善污泥的脱水性能,并且处理后污泥溶液的COD值约为310 mg·L-1,处理后的污泥仍具有良好的沉降性能.M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥过程中,污泥脱水性能的改善主要与污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的降解和污泥p H的降低有关.因此,采用M.circinelloides ZG-3处理剩余污泥是一种非常有潜力的新型污泥调理技术.     

药剂投加顺序及形态对污泥浓缩性能的影响

污水处理厂产生的污泥中固体物质主要是胶质微粒,其与水的亲和力很强,在脱泥时,需对污泥进行调理,通常是先投加污泥调理剂后加助凝剂,随后通过机械脱水等方法进行脱水处理。河南某污水处理厂污泥处理采用的是板框压滤机,压泥药剂为三氯化铁、氢氧化钙。试验前该厂采用先投加固体三氯化铁后投加固体白灰进行脱水,本文主要探究的是三氯化铁、白灰的投加顺序及固液体形态对污泥浓缩性的影响,以此来提高脱泥效率。     

污泥综合处理技术系统的可行性分析

通过对污泥处理技术现状与污泥组成的分析，认为降低污泥的含水率是改善污泥可处理性的关键。以机械脱水加工热干燥过程可达到充分降低污泥含水率的目的。以此为主干所形成的污泥综合处理系统经能量与经济平衡分析，发现其能量输出大于输入，经济成本合理，有一定的技术经济可行性。     

酱油污水污泥脱水的影响因素及其作用机理

为提高酱油污水污泥的脱水性能及絮凝剂的利用率,降低污泥的处理成本,实验考察了酱油污水污泥的含水率、丝状菌、厌氧时间和pH等对污泥脱水性能的影响,明确对其进行机械脱水的适宜条件.结果表明:机械脱水前浓缩污泥适宜的含水率为97%,此时,调质后的污泥有最低的比阻和最高的药剂利用率,最佳用药量与干泥的质量比小于0.3%;丝状菌的数量和长度可以影响污水污泥中水分的存在形式,并改变污泥的脱水性能;在厌氧过程中,污泥的ρ(还原糖)和污泥脱水性能有较强的相关性;当pH接近污泥的等电点时,污泥的比阻变小.      

市政污泥脱水技术研究进展

污泥是污水处理过程产生的最终固体废物,是污水中污染物的汇聚体,对生态环境具有严重的污染特性。随着中国城镇化的加速发展,城市污水处理厂的规模和数量剧增,污泥产量也不断加大。但是,由于污泥脱水技术的局限性,导致污泥的再利用资源化技术也受到影响。文章通过对市政污泥现状的分析,综述了传统污泥脱水技术的应用,介绍了当前污泥脱水技术研究进展和应用实际,对未来污泥脱水技术的发展提出了展望。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.