沉积物提取液对萘在河流沉积物中吸附-解吸行为的影响

疏水性有机污染物在沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为直接决定其在水环境中迁移、转化、生物效应与归宿.以往采用背景电解质溶液作为解吸体系的方法,忽略了其与天然水体水化学条件的差异可能对污染物的解吸行为产生的影响,从而造成疏水性有机污染物在天然水体沉积物上的吸附-解吸性能评价方法存在较大偏差.本文通过选用沉积物浸出液代替背景电解质溶液的方式来保证吸附-解吸水化学条件的一致性,采用批量平衡的方法对分别采集于凉水河水系(标记为L)以及东江流域(标记为D)的两种河流沉积物样品,进行连续吸附-解吸实验,以考察多环芳烃萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸规律,从而阐明水化学条件的一致性对吸附-解吸过程的影响与重要性.实验结果表明,萘在沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程呈现出明显的滞后现象.传统的以背景电解质溶液作为介质,研究疏水性有机污染物解吸行为的方法会导致解吸体系的TOC值比模拟天然水体体系减少74.68%～85.01%,这种吸附-解吸水化学条件的差异会增强污染物在沉积物上的滞后性,具体表现为萘在沉积物L和D浸出液中的平均解吸量相比其在背景电解质溶液中分别增加了3.14mg·kg-1和2.40mg·kg-1,平均解吸滞后系数由在背景电解质溶液中的0.04和0.135降低至沉积物浸出液中的0.012和0.072.此现象表明,与纯电解质溶液比较,采用从沉积物中提取的溶解有机碳作为解吸介质,会显著增加萘在沉积物中的平均解吸量,所获得的实验结果更加符合天然水体的实际条件.     

有机粘土矿物对水中菲蒽混合物的吸附

选用长碳链季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂十六烷三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA-Br)作为改性剂对天然粘土矿物进行改性。利用改性后的粘土矿物对混合污染物进行吸附/解吸实验,结果显示:HDTMA改性粘土矿物对混合溶液中菲、蒽及混合物的吸附等温线均呈线性,是分配作用结果;随着改性土用量的增加,其吸附量逐渐减小,对污染物的去除率逐渐增大,最后趋于平衡;有机粘土矿物吸附混合污染物后解吸率均在5%以下;将改性土对混合污染物的吸附与对单体污染物的吸附进行对照,改性土总的吸附量大大增加,基本是对单体污染物的吸附量之和。     

在有机污染物与土壤／沉积物相互作用时吸附／解析作用的研究

污染物在土壤或沉积物上的吸附和解析主要是储备机理，吸附和解析这个可逆过程的假设已经被证实了。在实验室中，室温下，从几个小时到2个月以上的时间里，已经研究了萘、菲、对－二氯苯有机污染物，这个吸附实验Kp值与公布的相关Koc和Kow是相一致的。简单线性吸附等温线模式在1－4天之间达到平衡。以逐级稀释沾污沉积物的办法进行解吸实验，解吸实验时间是从1天到五个月，获得的解吸速率小于先前测得的或予想的1至3个数量级。在解吸期间达到平衡后，已经解吸了82－99％以上吸附污染物为典型代表，但是，通常解吸的吸附污染物仅仅是30－50％。而通常引用的动力模式及人工制程度不能解释这些结果，讨论了这种可能性和由于这样吸附与解吸行为是由于滞后或是不可逆吸附造成。     

在有机污染物与土壤/沉积物相互作用时吸附/解析作用的研究

污染物在土壤或沉积物上的吸附和解析主要是储备机理,吸附和解析这个可逆过程的假设已经被证实了。在实验室中,室温下,从几个小时到2个月以上的时间里,已经研究了萘、菲、对-二氯苯有机污染物,这个吸附实验K_P值与公布的相关K_(OC)和K_(OW)是相一致的。简单线性吸附等温线模式在1～4天之间达到平衡。以逐级稀释沾污沉积物的办法进行解吸实验,解吸实验时间是从1天到五个月,获得的解吸速率小于先前测得的或予想的1至3个数量级。在解吸期间达到平衡后,已经解吸了82～99％以上吸附污染物为典型代表,但是,通常解吸的吸附污染物仅仅是30～50％。而通常引用的动力模式及人工配制程序不能解释这些结果,讨论了这种可能性和由于这样吸附与解吸行为是由于滞后或是不可逆吸附造成。     

多环芳烃在中国两种典型土壤中的吸附和解吸行为研究

采用批量实验的方法,研究了多环芳烃类有机化合物萘和菲在两种中国典型土壤样品(草甸土和黑土)中的吸附和解吸行为,并用一种新型解吸模型--"双元平衡解吸(DED)模型"对解吸行为进行了预测.结果表明,萘和菲在两种土壤中的吸附符合传统的线性模型,解吸行为则表现出明显的滞后现象,且DED模型的预测值与实验结果相吻合.DED模型能够利用简单的理化参数更加准确地定量描述憎水性有机污染物的解吸行为,该模型可为我国的土壤风险评价和土壤环境质量标准的制定等工作提供量化手段.     

黄河兰州段沉积物对水体中萘的吸附行为及影响

为研究典型有机污染物在黄河兰州段沉积物的吸附规律及影响,以黄河兰州段的沉积物为供试样品,选择萘（naphthalene）为代表性有机污染物,采用批量试验法研究了污染物萘在黄河沉积物上的吸附动力学、吸附热力学、初始质量浓度、pH、离子强度、粒径等影响因素以及解吸动力学.结果表明:黄河沉积物对萘的吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学模型,且吸附过程主要分为快吸附（0~4 h）和慢吸附（4~8 h）两个阶段,在8 h左右达到平衡;Freundlich模型能较好地拟合热力学吸附特征.在25~45℃的温度范围内,E（吸附平均自由能）为0.288~0.316 kJ/mol（< 8 kJ/mol）,吸附过程中,ΔGθ（吉布斯自由能）小于0,ΔSθ（熵变）与ΔHθ（焓变）均大于0,说明萘在黄河沉积物上的吸附是一个自发的混乱度增大的吸热过程,且以物理吸附为主.影响因素分析结果显示,随着沉积物粒径的增大,萘在其上的吸附量逐渐减小;增大吸附体系中的离子强度时,萘在沉积物上的吸附过程受到抑制;当萘初始浓度增大时,吸附量增加;酸性条件抑制吸附过程,碱性环境促进吸附过程;黄河沉积物对萘的解吸量远小于吸附量,存在解吸滞后现象.研究显示,萘在黄河沉积物中的吸附速率受内部扩散、表面吸附和液膜扩散的共同影响,并且吸附过程同时受到沉积物粒径和溶液的pH和离子强度的影响.      

动力工业废物处理与综合利用

X771 .03520(XX】1730土壤、矿物质对的C。的吸附/冯永红(浙江大学原子核农业科研所)…//环境污染与防治/浙江省环保局一1999,21(6)一7一9,11环图X一3 研究了土壤、矿物质对60C。的吸附与水浸解吸。结果表明,(l)土壤、矿物质对印C。具有较强的吸附能力,饱和吸附率为68.6%一97.1%,分配系数为砚一357cm,/g;吸附率和分配系数大小顺序两者相同;硅藻土>青紫泥>红黄壤>高岭土>珍珠岩>粉泥土。(2)60C。被土壤、矿物质吸附后不易解吸,解吸率1%左右,大小顺序为红黄壤>粉泥.上>高岭土>珍珠岩>青紫泥>硅藻土。图l表2参6选型、投资、效益等作了分析,…     

林丹的吸附解吸行为对其沉积物基准的影响

研究了林丹在3种沉积物上的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,在3种沉积物上的吸附等温线都符合Freundlich模型,其吸附性能受有机碳含量和颗粒分布的影响.而解吸等温线明显地偏离吸附等温线,存在显著的解吸滞后现象,解吸用二元平衡解吸(DED)模型进行拟合,效果良好.解吸不可逆程度随着沉积物中林丹初始浓度增大而增大.由DED模型推算的沉积物基准值比用线性模型推算的基准值高46倍以上.     

土壤污染及其防治

X53 200402789 重金属铜在黑土和棕壤中解吸行为的比较/于颖…(中科院沈阳应用生态研究所陆地生态过程重点实验室)//环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2004,25(1).-128—132 环图X-5 采用一次平衡法研究吸附态Cu2 在黑土和棕壤上的解吸行为并进行了比较。结果表明,与棕壤相比,黑土吸附态Cu2 解吸有更长的滞后阶段,黑土在Cu2 的吸附量低于729.00mg·kg-1 (Cu2 处理浓度小于40mg·L-1),棕壤在Cu2 的吸     

铵饱和沸石再生机理研究

利用浙江缙云产天然沸石,对其分别进行静态吸附和再生处理,从而进行沸石再生途径的探索和再生最优条件的选择。实验表明,在沸石初次再生中,沸石再生过程的三个途径为:1盐溶液对NH+4的解吸;2盐溶液对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的置换;3盐溶液对沸石表面形态进行改性,其中影响作用的大小顺序为1>3>2。而在其中途径2中,各阳离子的作用大小顺序则为Ca2+>K+>Mg2+;随着再生次数的增多,盐溶液对NH+4-N的解吸在再生过程中所发挥的作用逐渐增强,最终成为决定性因素,而另外两途径的影响力则逐渐减弱,途径2最终失去了再生效果;对于短期使用的沸石,其最优再生条件应以沸石再生后的吸附量大小来确定,再生时选用氯化钠溶液作为再生剂效果较好,长期使用的沸石,则应以盐溶液对沸石的解吸量大小来确定,此时氢氧化钠溶液较为合适;试验同时表明5 g/L的钠离子浓度为最优钠离子浓度。其次,OH-对于吸附了NH+4-N的饱和沸石的解吸具有促进作用,而温度对再生的影响并不明显。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.