一株菲降解菌的鉴定及降解特性

从沈阳北部污水处理厂曝气池活性污泥中驯化和分离得到一株以菲为碳源的降解菌株W12,根据菌株形态和16S r DNA基因测序分析,该菌株鉴定为耳炎假单胞菌(Pseudomonas otitidis.).该菌株降解菲的最佳环境条件为:温度为30℃,p H值为7.0,摇床转速为170 r·min-1,接种量为10%,盐度为0.5%;菲初始质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1培养96 h后,降解率为65.80%,且对菲的最大耐受浓度为2000 mg·L-1;加入蛋白胨和酵母膏后,降解率分别提高到75.65%和70.85%.     

焦化废水中氨氮降解菌降解性能的研究

本实验从焦化废水中分离出一株高效氨氮降解菌A1,经过生理生化鉴定,初步确定为假单胞杆菌菌属。本实验对该菌种的降解性能进行研究,确定该菌种的最佳降解条件:p H8.0,温度30℃,菌种量5%(V菌悬液:V培养基),在此条件下,对200mg/L的氨氮去除率达到89.5%。     

黄原酸盐高效降解菌的降解特性研究

从矿山废水富集分离再经紫外诱变筛选出突变菌株2#,此菌株降解黄原酸盐的最佳条件为:在pH为10,温度为30 ℃,振荡速率120 r/min,有光照,接种量为10％时能高效降解黄药,降解率可达78.1％,CODG去除率达到66.2％.研究发现pb2+和Zn2+对菌株生长和降解黄药均有抑制作用,前者的抑制作用更强.当加入0.2 g/L的葡萄糖时可大大提高菌对黄原酸盐的降解率.     

生物降解优势菌株的选育及其含油废水降解性能研究

从被含油废水长期污染的活性污泥中筛选出能降解该废水的优势菌种。经分离纯化得到4株不同的单一菌株。通过对各菌株降解能力的考察，其中菌株H1降解能力明显高于其它菌株。经利用正交试验法实验，得到H1菌属最适生长条件为40℃温度、pH9、NaCl浓度为0．5mol／L。该菌株降解含油废水的最佳使用条件为：pH7；温度30℃-40℃；培养时间为40h；最佳菌体接种量为每100mL废水中投加2．0mL；营养液中，生长因子是必需的营养成分；而且C／N最佳比值为3：1。H1菌株的降解率高出市售菌种的降解率20％以上，有效地解决了市售菌种因针对性不强而效果欠佳的难题，有望降低生产成本。     

紫外诱变选育高原环境絮凝菌及其絮凝条件优化

为获得耐低温且絮凝优异的絮凝菌,对一株分离得到的絮凝菌进行紫外诱变和5℃低温胁迫培养,并对诱变优势菌进行应用条件优化.结果表明:①原始菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）.②紫外诱变和低温胁迫培养得到的目标诱变菌FB-5对生活污水絮凝率达75.35%,具有良好的遗传稳定性.③单因素试验确定最佳絮凝条件,即絮凝菌投加量为0.90 mL/（50 mL）、pH为7.4、助凝剂加量为1.0 mL/（50 mL）、处理时间为15 min;筛选出影响诱变菌絮凝能力最显著的3个因素为絮凝菌投加量、pH和助凝剂加量;通过Box-Behnken响应面试验得到最佳净化的应用条件,即絮凝菌投加量为0.90 mL/（50 mL）、pH为7.38、助凝剂加量为1.04 mL/（50 mL）.④验证试验确定絮凝率达97.01%,BOD₅、COD_Cr、浊度和色度去除率均达到97%以上,出水水质满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准.研究显示,紫外诱变联合低温胁迫技术以及单因素与响应面结合优化絮凝条件可以大幅度提高原始菌株的絮凝能力,低温诱变菌FM-5能使高寒地区城市生活污水中悬浮固体大幅降低,同时去除水体中多种污染物.      

α-蒎烯降解菌株的筛选及降解特性

从生产萜烯树脂的废水中分离到一株能降解α-蒎烯的菌株,通过16S r RNA序列鉴定和构建系统发育树分析,该菌株为海洋小单胞菌(Micromonospora marine),命名为HKY。研究了温度、p H值、α-蒎烯的浓度对这株菌降解α-蒎烯的影响,结果表明,菌株在25~40℃对α-蒎烯都有较好的降解,其中在30℃降解率最高,可达到90.21%。初始p H在6~8之间时降解率较高,其中p H为7时,降解率最高可达到93.43%。当α-蒎烯在100 mg/L以内时,培养48 h后没有残留,200 mg/L和300 mg/L时培养液中有残留,500 mg/L基本对该菌处于抑制状态。同时研究了该菌株的底物谱,结果表明该菌株能够降解一些分子结构较为简单或者与α-蒎烯结构相似的工业有机污染物。运用该菌处理生产萜烯树脂污水处理厂的出水,能够对COD有一定的去除作用。     

响应面优化石油降解菌配比及降解条件研究

利用前期筛选的4株高效石油降解菌,采用响应曲面法优化混合菌配比并研究环境因素对混合菌影响,以期提高混合菌对石油的降解效率。结果表明,当石油浓度为10 g/L时,菌株Rp、Sm、Bc和Kv接种量分别为3.97%、2.00%、2.04%和2.07%时混合菌对石油降解率达最大值69.14%,验证值68.83%。此外,考察了环境因素对混合菌降解石油烃的影响,发现混合菌对盐度和p H有较大范围的适应性。其中盐度为5%时降解率仍可达40.37%;p H为7.5时降解率最高可达64.93%,p H为4时降解率最低。     

1株金霉素降解菌的筛选及基于响应面法的降解条件优化

从河南驻马店金霉素制药厂活性污泥中分离、筛选出1株金霉素降解菌,经16SrDNA鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),命名为JMS-B01。为进一步提高该菌株的金霉素降解率,对其进行降解条件优化。采用正交试验确定显著影响金霉素降解率的3个因素(温度、金霉素浓度、接种量),通过Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面法分析确定最佳降解条件。结果表明:拟合所得的预测值与实际值相关性良好,最佳降解条件为温度34.0℃、金霉素浓度102.5 mg/L、接种量2%(体积分数),在此条件下金霉素降解率可达到96.50%。其中,温度是影响菌株JMS-B01对金霉素降解率的最重要因素之一。     

雌二醇降解菌Acinetobacter sp.DS1的筛选及降解条件优化

筛选并鉴定出1株雌激素降解菌Acinetobacter sp.命名为DS1,对DS1降解17β-雌二醇实验条件进行优化,使用响应面法(RSM)对降解过程中底物浓度、接种量、培养温度和p H值进行了分析,构建响应面模型,并对反应条件进行优化。优化最佳降解条件为:17β-雌二醇量5.10 mg/L;接种量7.5%;p H值8.7;温度27℃。并进行试验验证,结果接近,响应面模型可有效描述降解过程,为降解工程应用和设计提供技术参考。     

1株金黄杆菌的分离鉴定及其对DBP的降解特性

从某垃圾处理厂的垃圾渗滤液中分离出1株能以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株YB-2。通过形态特征、生理生化以及16S r DNA序列分析,初步鉴定YB-2为金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium sp.)。对菌株YB-2的生长及其对DBP的降解特性进行了研究。结果表明,菌株生长的适宜p H和温度条件分别为7.0~8.0和25~35℃,能够耐受的最高DBP浓度为1 600 mg/L。在p H为7.0、温度为30℃、菌种投加量为10%的条件下,初始浓度为400 mg/L的DBP经5 d降解后,去除率可达58.5%。YB-2具有较宽的降解谱,对DMP、DEP、DEHP和DNOP的降解效率分别达82.0%、79.7%、50.2%和42.6%。该菌株在对含邻苯二甲酸酯废水处理和邻苯二甲酸酯污染水体的生物修复方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.