反应温度对自热式高温好氧消化(ATAD)中试系统运行的影响

城市污水污泥是城市污水处理厂的副产物,需要稳定化处理。本试验设计了由2个圆罐串联的自热式高温好氧消化中试系统处理城市污水污泥。通过批式试验探讨反应器温度对污泥稳定化处理效果的影响,以及影响反应器自升温的因素。试验发现①反应温度对挥发性的有机物的去除有显著影响,反应温度越高,VSS去除率越高。②影响反应温度的主要因素有进泥浓度、消化时间和曝气量。当进泥的VSS浓度为37.2g/L时,ATAD反应器最高温度可到49℃,只需14～17d的消化时间VSS的去除率可达到41.7%,污泥能达到稳定化。     

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment (MAP) was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature (110–210°C), microwave holding time (1–51 min), and NaOH dose (0–2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids (SS)) in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio (85.1%) of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production (CMP). Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization (at 170°C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS) was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields (L@STP/g-CODadded, at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa) and (L@STP/g VSadded) increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control reactor.     

不同温度下高温好氧消化工艺的溶氧特性

为探索ATAD(自热式高温好氧消化)污泥系统中ρ(DO)及其对污泥稳定化的影响,分别考察了在不同消化温度下不同成分污泥(初沉泥、二沉泥和混合泥)的E_h(氧化还原电位)、污泥溶胞效果和污泥稳定化效果. 结果表明:在消化的24 d中,尽管曝气充足,但消化前期E_h仍处于0 mV以下,并且随着消化时间的延长,E_h逐渐升至0 mV以上,说明ATAD工艺系统并不是全程好氧状态,消化前期处于兼氧或厌氧状态,后期才呈好氧状态. 65 ℃下容易使细胞破裂发生分解,污泥上清液中ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为可溶性化学需氧量)和ρ(TP)维持较高值,至消化结束时,ρ(SCOD)仍高达13 708 mg/L,ρ(TP)为126.4 mg/L,ρ(PO₄3+-P)为106 mg/L. 尽管消化前期E_h较低,但在15 d时VSS去除率仍超过38%,满足US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)A级污泥VSS去除率的标准. 消化初期的兼氧和厌氧状态没有减缓污泥达到稳定化,因此在合适范围内减少曝气量有利于ATAD工艺的工程化应用.      

Sludge granulation and e ciency of phase separator in UASB reactor treating combined industrial e uent

Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age （from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor）. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease （82%-69%） in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved （14%-20%） the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient.     

嵌入式旁路污泥减量污水处理系统研究

为了减少活性污泥工艺中剩余污泥的产量以及解决目前污水处理厂无机物积累的问题,开发了一种集旁路污泥减量、污泥淤砂分离、侧流化学除磷、强化氮磷去除于一体的嵌入式旁路污泥减量污水处理系统,中试反应器规模10m3/d,并稳定运行超过90d.试验结果表明:出水ρ(NH4+-N)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD)分别为(0.5±0.3),(8.6±1.6),(0.14±0.04),(26.8±8.8)mg/L,出水水质能够稳定的达到一级A标,并且远低于其限值.系统运行期间,活性污泥系统的MLVSS/MLSS值逐渐升高,其值从初始的0.33增加到了0.52;该工艺系统有效的防止了无机颗粒在活性污泥系统中的积累.在系统稳定运行过程期间,其表观产率系数Yobs为0.103gVSS/gCOD,该工艺系统展示了良好的污泥减量性能.     

高温厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水的启动

以除油后的实际餐厨废水为原料,在高温（50±1）℃条件下利用浸没式纤维膜生物反应器（AnMBR）进行连续厌氧消化试验,以水力停留时间（HRT）20d启动,HRT 15d运行,直到发生膜污染,试验共进行了50d.研究了反应器启动和运行期间的发酵特性和膜过滤性能.研究表明,反应器30d完成了启动,在HRT 15d条件下,甲烷产量达到578L/kgVS_in,COD和挥发性固体（VS）去除率均达到94%以上,膜出水总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度为（103±77） mg/L,其中乙酸浓度为（98±28） mg/L.系统pH 8.26,具有良好的稳定性.膜通量设定为9L/（m²·h）,运行30d后发生了明显的膜污染,伴随着反应器内挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）浓度由8.1g/L逐渐增加到18/L.在处理高浓度餐厨废水时,AnMBR可以短时间启动且在8.5kgCOD/（m³·d）的高负荷条件下稳定运行,反应器中污泥浓度和溶解性微生物产物的增加导致膜过滤性能下降是导致膜污染的主要因素.     

高温厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水的启动

以除油后的实际餐厨废水为原料,在高温（50±1）℃条件下利用浸没式纤维膜生物反应器（AnMBR）进行连续厌氧消化试验,以水力停留时间（HRT）20d启动,HRT 15d运行,直到发生膜污染,试验共进行了50d.研究了反应器启动和运行期间的发酵特性和膜过滤性能.研究表明,反应器30d完成了启动,在HRT 15d条件下,甲烷产量达到578L/kgVS_in,COD和挥发性固体（VS）去除率均达到94%以上,膜出水总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度为（103±77） mg/L,其中乙酸浓度为（98±28） mg/L.系统pH 8.26,具有良好的稳定性.膜通量设定为9L/（m²·h）,运行30d后发生了明显的膜污染,伴随着反应器内挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）浓度由8.1g/L逐渐增加到18/L.在处理高浓度餐厨废水时,AnMBR可以短时间启动且在8.5kgCOD/（m³·d）的高负荷条件下稳定运行,反应器中污泥浓度和溶解性微生物产物的增加导致膜过滤性能下降是导致膜污染的主要因素.     

微曝气条件下S-TE剩余污泥溶解性研究

研究了微曝气、不同温度条件下S-TE预处理对剩余污泥溶解和各种化学组分变化的影响.结果表明,S-TE污泥溶解存在2种反应(酶催化反应和热解反应)和2个过程:嗜热菌胞外酶(主要为蛋白酶和淀粉酶)首先解聚污泥胶团,进而溶解细菌的细胞壁,水解胞内有机物质.接种嗜热菌Bacillus stearothermophilus sp.AT06-1比不接种促进了污泥悬浮固体的溶解,接种条件下最适宜的溶解温度为65℃,此温度下,污泥VSS和TSS溶解率相对于不接种试验提高程度最大,2 d时VSS、TSS溶解率分别达到34.09%和24.16%,比不接种试验同期分别提高了7.57%和6.87%;微曝气条件下SCOD和VFA得到累积,最大累积量达到4 531 mg/L和2 319 mg/L,有利于厌氧消化;此时蛋白酶活性提高也最大.污泥溶解产生的蛋白质被蛋白酶水解,蛋白质浓度先升高后降低.     

UASB反应器处理异VC钠废水的启动特性研究

在污泥接种浓度为10g／L,水温35℃-38℃的条件下,采用逐渐加大进水量提高有机负荷的方式45d内可以完成UASB反应器处理异VC钠生产废水的启动。启动完成后UASB反应器的容积负荷为6kgCOD／（m^3·d）,CODcr去除率可以达到85％。调试过程中向反应器内加入适量FeSO4,可以使污泥在较短时间内实现颗粒化,形成粒径为1mm～2mm、沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥。反应器出水VFA保持在400mg／L以下并能比pH更灵敏的反应出反应器内部的环境变化。     

溴代阻燃剂对生物脱氮除磷的影响

为探究新兴污染物溴代阻燃剂（BFR）对生物脱氮除磷（BNPR）的影响,以实际废水为探究对象,建立厌氧/好氧/缺氧序批式反应器,中温环境下研究了不同浓度多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）对BNPR的影响。结果表明:PBDEs对BNPR的影响具有浓度依赖性,低浓度PBDEs对BNPR及污泥特征影响不明显,而ρ（PBDEs）>0.1 mg/L时可显著抑制BNPR。当PBDEs浓度为2.0 mg/L时,活性污泥系统稳定运行时化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮及正磷酸盐（OP）的去除率分别为73.2%~75.6%、85.2%和72.1%~73.6%,显著低于空白组。此外,PBDEs的存在可降低污泥内总悬浮固体和挥发性悬浮固体,提高污泥体积指数及胞外聚合物含量。典型周期研究发现PBDEs可抑制硝化、反硝化、厌氧释磷及好氧吸磷过程。     

不同方式预处理污泥对微生物燃料电池的影响

为了探究不同预处理方式污泥对MFC（microbial fuel cell,微生物燃料电池）的影响,采用双室MFC反应器构型,以不同预处理方式的污泥作为MFC的底物基质,包括热处理污泥、废碱渣预处理污泥、未处理污泥,并设置静态试验组污泥（开路试验）,考察MFC的产电性能（电压、电功率密度）、pH、COD_Cr、总悬浮物（TSS）、挥发性悬浮物（VSS）、EPS（胞外聚合物）以及三维荧光等参数的变化规律.结果表明:①在所设外电阻条件下（1 000 Ω）,MFC的最大启动电压可达0.3 V;②废碱渣预处理污泥的最大功率密度可达70.1 mW/m2,热处理污泥的最大功率密度可达60.1 mW/m2,预处理后污泥的性能优于未处理污泥;③热处理污泥、废碱渣预处理污泥、未处理污泥以及静态试验组污泥的pH总体呈下降的趋势,废碱渣预处理污泥及热处理污泥总悬浮物和挥发性悬浮物的去除率均高于未处理污泥,且COD_Cr有类似的变化规律.在此基础上,进一步分析污泥EPS的组成成分以及三维荧光光谱图的特性发现,污泥EPS中蛋白质质量浓度最高,并且腐殖酸能够在一定程度上辅助胞外电子基团的转移,三维荧光光谱图也证实了不同预处理方式污泥随厌氧消化过程的变化规律.研究显示,将废碱渣预处理的污泥作为MFC的底物,不仅降低了资源能耗而且提高了MFC的产电性能,实现了综合绿色发展.      

平板膜在污泥浓缩消化处理中的应用研究

采用中试规模的反应器对平板膜-污泥浓缩消化(MSTD)工艺的污泥消化机制和膜污染机理进行了研究.结果表明,经过15d的运行,MSTD工艺的污泥浓度(MLSS)从最初的3.6g/L上升到约34.2g/L,MLVSS和MLSS的消解率分别达到52%和47%,实现了同步浓缩和消化.由于溶解氧的变化,MSTD工艺的消化机制分为好氧消化和类似的厌氧消化2个阶段,分别降解二价金属离子和铁离子连接的2类生物聚合物.在MSTD过程中,平板膜的截留和污泥消化导致污泥性质剧烈变化,从而造成膜过滤性能剧烈下降.MLSS、胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)均对膜污染有显著的影响.     

ATP as an indicator of biomass activity in thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

This work investigated the biomass activity in a thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor of wastewater treatment. Synthetic textile wastewater with pH 10-11, COD level of 2000-3000 mg/L was tested. Cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in volatile solids (VS; mg ATP/gVS) was measured and expressed as specific ATP content to compare the biomass activity in up zone and lower zone in UASB reactor. The result shows that the specific ATP content based on total volatile solids (VS)in lower zone (0. 046 mgATP/gVS average) is much lower than that in up zone (0.62 mgATP/gVS average) due to high content of inactive biomass and high pH in lower zone. The SATP in up zone increases as HRT increases and approaches to a maximum value of 0.85 mgATP/gVS at HRT of 7h, then decreases. It shows most of the total VS in up zone represent active bacterial biomass at HRT of 7h. Rate of subtract utilization is directly related to the activity of microorganisms in the reactor. The effect of HRT on SATP in lower zone is not as significant as on SATP in up zone. The buffer capacity of the thermophilic UASB reactor is very good. It is the activity of sludge granules in lower zone that give the UASB reactor such a good buffer capacity to the inlet high pH.     

ATP as an indicator of biomass activity in thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

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温度对FBAR反应器的运行特性及古菌微生物群落影响

为探讨固定床厌氧反应器（FBAR）在不同温度下的运行特性及微生物群落变化,比较了高温（50℃）、中温（35℃）、低温（4℃）3个温度阶段反应器产甲烷特性及古菌群落变化.结果表明;绝对产气量由大至小依次为高（50℃）、中（35℃）、低温（4℃）,单位负荷产气量依次为中温（2.84L/OLR）,低温（2.5L/OLR）,高温（1.8L/OLR）;甲烷含量依次为低温（74.5%）、中温（63.5%）,高温（57.3%）,不同温度阶段对挥发性有机酸含量变化有一定的影响.克隆文库分析表明：不同温度条件下固定床厌氧反应器内部微生物群落的丰富性存在很大的差异.定量PCR分析表明：甲烷鬃毛菌是中温和高温反应器内的优势菌,低温4℃炭纤维载体和污泥中的优势菌都是甲烷微菌.从能耗、经济效益角度分析低温条件更适合沼气发酵,而主要是以嗜氢产甲烷菌代谢途径为主.     

碱处理促进剩余污泥解的试验研究

研究了热碱水解法对剩余污泥特性参数(溶解性化学需氧量、挥发性脂肪酸、氨氮、pH值与污泥浓度等)的影响.碱的加入减弱了污泥细胞壁对高温的抵抗力,加剧了剩余污泥细胞内有机质的释放与水解,改变了污泥的性质.在反应温度为170℃、pH 13、反应时间为75 min的条件下,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)达到了最大融出量17956 mg/L,此时SCOD与总化学需氧量(TCOD)之比为0.65.在pH 13,反应时间为60 min时悬浮固体(SS)、挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)均达到了最大溶解率,其值分别为67%和72%.经热碱水解处理后的剩余污泥SCOD随着原污泥浓度的增大而增大,呈现了良好的线性关系,相关系数R2达到了0.97以上,而且随着pH值的增大,融出率也不断增大,在pH 13时达到最高值672 mg/g.另外,通过正交试验可以得出170℃时各因素对SCOD影响的重要性,依次为污泥浓度、DH值、反应时间.     

沸石生物基材料促进污泥消化工艺研究

将活化沸石在厌氧状态下进行生物膜挂膜,制成沸石生物基材料并将其运用于城市剩余污泥消化中,研究沸石生物材料促进污泥厌氧消化的效果。结果表明:沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体量和挥发性固体都有较好的去除效果,去除率分别在50.4%～62.8%和56.8%～81.4%,其中粒径为200目的风干沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体减重率高达62.8%;对污泥上清液中氨氮和COD的去除效果明显且稳定,沸石生物基材料在风干状态下对污泥消化的促进效果更佳。     

嗜热菌株AT07-1的分离鉴定及其在污泥溶解预处理厌氧发酵产氢中的应用

从湖南大学花园土壤中采集样品,用稀释涂布法分离和纯化适于污泥溶解的典型嗜热菌菌株,从中选出一株高效菌进行形态观察,并对其进行生理生化鉴定.结果表明,该菌株的革兰氏染色为阳性,呈细杆状,产芽孢,为好氧或兼性需氧细菌,最适生长温度为65℃,最适生长pH值为6.8~7.5.通过16SrDNA碱基测序和对比证实,该菌株是目前尚未报道过的一株嗜热菌,GenBank中注册命名为Bacillus thermophilic bacteria AT071(注册号:FJ231108).同时,将其纯种菌用于嗜热酶溶解（solubilization by thermophilic enzyme,S-TE）污泥稳定化处理,接种该嗜热菌可促进污泥中悬浮固体的溶解,2.5d时接种试验挥发性悬浮固体 (volatile suspended solid,VSS)溶解率达到59.41%,比不接种试验同期提高了25.58%,达到了EPA规定的污泥稳定化要求.进一步对经AT071预处理的污泥厌氧产氢效果进行研究,试验结果显示,接种处理后污泥发酵产氢效果良好,高出未接种处理（65℃热处理）污泥26.4%,发酵气体中只含有H2和CO2.     

载体好氧预挂膜处理对厌氧生物颗粒性能的影响

研究了生物膜载体经好氧预挂膜处理对厌氧附着膜膨胀床(AAFEB)反应器中生物颗粒性能的影响.载体经10 d好氧预挂膜处理后,形成了7～8 μm厚的生物膜,在起动运行过程中,处理反应器中载体的挂膜进程比对照要快.在整个运试期间,处理反应器中的生物膜厚度和污泥浓度值均高于对照.前者厌氧生物颗粒致密、结实,生物膜结构良好,滞留于反应器中的性能较佳,比后者较不宜随水流失.处理反应器厌氧生物颗粒的一些性能指标值,如最大比产酸活性、最大比产甲烷活性、脱氢酶活性、辅酶F₄₂₀含量等均高于对照.另外,厌氧生物颗粒内微生物相也有明显的差异.      

Enhanced anaerobic digestion and sludge dewaterability by alkaline pretreatment and its mechanism

To investigate the influences of alkaline pretreatment on anaerobic digestion (AD) and sludge dewaterability after AD, waste activated sludge was adjusted to different pH values (8, 9, 10, 11, 12) and placed at ambient temperature for 24 hr. The samples were then adjusted to the initial pH and subjected to 25 days of AD. The results showed that, when compared with the control (pH 6.8), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction following pretreatment at pH 9-11 increased by 10.7%-13.1% and 6.5%-12.8%, respectively, while biogas production improved by 7.2%-15.4%. Additionally, significant enhancement of sludge dewaterability after AD occurred when pretreatment at pH 8-9 was conducted. The proteins and carbohydrates transferred from the pellet and tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) fractions to the slime and loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fractions after pretreatment and during the AD process, and the concentrations of proteins and carbohydrates in the slime fraction had a good linear relationship with the normalized capillary suction time (CST). During the AD process, the normalized CST was positively correlated with the organic materials in the loosely bound fraction of the sludge matrix (R^{2≥qslant 0.700, p < 0.01), while it was negatively correlated with the organic materials in the tightly bound fraction (R2≥qslant 0.702, p < 0.01). These results suggest that alkaline pretreatment could break the EPS matrix and release inner organic materials, thus influencing the efficiency of the AD process and dewaterability after AD.}