嵌入式碳纳米管电极差分脉.冲伏安法测定湖泊沉积物中铅

制备嵌入式多壁碳纳米管修饰石墨电极(ESCFE)，利用循环伏安法研究铅(Pb)的电化学行为及反应机理，结果表明，铅在修饰电极表面出现了一对明显的准可逆的氧化还原峰，发生了2质子的电化学氧化反应。用差分脉冲伏安法研究了铅离子浓度与其峰电流的线性关系，线性范围为1.8×10-7～1.0×10-5g/L，线性方程为：ipa(...     

纳米金/碳纳米管修饰石墨电极测定邻苯二酚

采用自沉积方法将HAuCl4直接还原成纳米金颗粒并修饰在碳纳米管表面,所制备的纳米金(Au-CNTs/C)修饰电极对邻苯二酚(CAT)具有高的电催化氧化作用.采用循环伏安法考察CAT在Au-CNTs/C电极上的电化学行为,发现CAT在该修饰电极上发生可逆的氧化还原反应,在0.25V有明显的氧化峰.在磷酸盐缓冲溶液PBS(pH7.4)中,CAT的响应电流与浓度在5.0×10-7~5.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9992,检出限为3.3×10-7mol/L.     

碳纳米管修饰电极电催化还原去除废水中的氯霉素

为发展废水中抗生素的处理技术、保护水环境质量,采用表面活性剂辅助分散碳纳米管,制备碳纳米管修饰电极,研究了修饰电极对氯霉素的电催化还原能力和动力学特征,初步探讨了氯霉素的还原去除机制.结果表明,双十六烷基磷酸(DHP)可以有效分散碳纳米管,通过优化碳纳米管和DHP的配比、分散液修饰量,制备的碳纳米管修饰电极还原2 mg·L~(-1)氯霉素24 h时的去除率达到97.21%;电催化还原氯霉素的动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型,去除速率常数为0.157 4 h~(-1),半衰期为4.40 h.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法(LC-MS/MS)鉴定了氯霉素的还原产物,分析了氯霉素还原的可能途径,电催化不仅还原了氯霉素中的硝基,还可以进一步还原羰基和脱氯,显著降低氯霉素的毒性.     

铜锌内电解法降解水中三氯乙酸的研究

在饮用水液氯消毒副产物中,三氯乙酸的致癌风险最高,且难以生物降解,具有"三致"(致癌、致畸、致突变)作用,对人们的身体健康危害大。铜锌催化内电解法可有效地对三氯乙酸以催化脱氯的方式进行降解,实验考察了pH、Zn/Cu质量比、Zn/Cu投加量和反应时间等参数对三氯乙酸降解效果的影响。含有1.0mg/L三氯乙酸的模拟用水其最佳反应条件为:Zn与Cu最佳质量比为4:1;Zn与Cu总质量为1.0g;最佳pH值为3;搅拌反应时间为10min;在该条件下,三氯乙酸的降解率可达到95.1%,实验结果表明,铜锌催化内电解法对三氯乙酸的脱氯还原具有很高的催化活性。通过鉴定中间产物探讨了其催化还原机理,三氯乙酸是按照三氯乙酸→二氯乙酸→一氯乙酸→乙酸的途径分步还原脱氯。     

L-组氨酸-赤藓红复合膜修饰电极同时检测对苯二酚、邻苯二酚

利用循环伏安法制备了L-组氨酸-赤藓红复合膜修饰玻碳电极(L-His-Erythrosine/GCE).采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察修饰电极的表面形貌结构,并用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、循环伏安法(CV)表征修饰电极的电化学性能.在此基础上用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了对苯二酚(HQ)和邻苯二酚(CC)混合物在该电极上的电催化氧化,结果表明,L-His-Erythrosine/GCE对HQ及CC的电化学氧化具有显著的催化作用,两种异构体在该修饰电极上的氧化过电位明显降低,峰电流显著增大,二者氧化峰电位间隔达108m V,表明制备的修饰电极可用于HQ和CC的同时检测.在最佳实验条件下,HQ与CC浓度在1.2×10-6~1.1×10-4mol·L-1范围内与氧化峰电流呈良好线性关系,检出限分别为0.19μmol·L-1(HQ)和0.16μmol·L-1(CC)(S/N=3).另外,此修饰电极具有较好的重现性和较强的抗干扰能力,将修饰电极用于实际水样品中HQ和CC的测定,其加标回收率分别为99.9%~100.6%(HQ)、99.2%~100.2%(CC).     

酸性体系中Pd/PPy/foam-Ni电极电化学还原三氯甲烷

在沉积电流密度5 mA·cm^-2,沉积时间40 min条件下,通过电沉积方法制备Pd/PPy/泡沫镍(foam-Ni)电极,以Pd/PPy/foam-Ni电极为阴极研究酸性体系中三氯甲烷的电化学还原脱氯,实验在室温条件下进行.采用循环伏安法对电极进行测试,Pd/PPy/foam-Ni电极在-500 mV (vs Hg/Hg₂SO₄)左右获得很大的氢吸附峰电流值,峰电流值为－100 mA.扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,聚吡咯的引入改变了Pd在电极表面的沉积形态,使电极表面具有很好的空间延伸性.在酸性体系中进行Pd/PPy/foam-Ni电极对三氯甲烷的电化学还原脱氯实验,结果表明,综合考虑三氯甲烷去除率及脱氯过程电流效率,在保证脱氯过程电流效率为44.17%的条件下,三氯甲烷的去除率为49.23%,此时最佳脱氯电流密度为0.05 mA·cm^-2,最佳脱氯时间为180 min,实现了在酸性水溶液体系中,低初始浓度三氯甲烷较好的脱氯效果.     

碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极测定邻苯二酚的研究

文章借助循环伏安法(CV)研究了邻二苯酚(CAT)在碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极(CNTs/GCE)表面的电催化氧化行为.试验结果表明:CNTs/GCE对邻二苯酚的氧化过程表现出良好的催化活性,其响应峰电流与裸GCE相比增加了10倍以上;在最佳响应条件下,在0.25～2.0 mmol/L的浓度范围内,邻苯二酚的催化氧化峰电流与...     

双信号细胞电化学法检测氯酚类的毒性

以多壁碳纳米管和离子液体复合修饰电极(MWCNTs-IL/GCE)为工作电极,运用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)研究了人乳腺癌(MCF-7)细胞的电化学行为,检测到了2个明显的氧化峰,其氧化峰电位分别为0.725 V和1.038 V.结合4种嘌呤碱基与模型细胞的电化学行为比较与高效液相色谱分析,确定细胞的电化学响应来源分别为细胞质中黄嘌呤与鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤与腺嘌呤的电化学氧化.基于2个响应信号峰电流的变化,研究了五氯酚(PCP)、2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)和2,4-二氯酚(DCP)对MCF-7细胞的毒性效应,根据剂量-效应关系曲线计算半数抑制效应浓度(IC50)值,并与四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法进行比较.结果发现,氯酚类污染物对MCF-7细胞活性有明显抑制作用,细胞电化学法与MTT法测得细胞毒性顺序均为:PCPTCPDCP,表明细胞电化学法可以快速、准确地评价氯酚类污染物的细胞毒性.该研究结果可从核苷酸代谢角度为危害化学品的安全无标记、准确客观的毒性评价方法建立提供新思路.     

“Achromobacter sp. CH-1-Cr(Ⅵ)-H2O”体系Cr(Ⅵ)还原的电化学行为

采用循环伏安法探明了"Achromobacter sp.CH-1-Cr(Ⅵ)-水"体系的电化学行为.结果表明:循环伏安曲线上-0.62V(相对于SCE)的电流峰对应的反应为Cr(Ⅵ)还原成Cr(Ⅲ)的反应,在电势为-0.82V时Cr(Ⅲ)开始还原为零价铬.体系中的电极反应为不可逆过程,阳极扫描时Cr(Ⅲ)不会被重新氧化为Cr(Ⅵ).细菌的存在使Cr(Ⅵ)的还原更容易进行,其还原峰电势正移约0.2 V,细菌对体系中的电化学反应起了催化作用.随细菌量的增加,氢气的析出、六价铬还原为三价铬及三价铬进一步还原为零价铬的电势均发生了正移,过高的细菌量主要影响三价铬还原沉积为金属铬的过程.铬浓度对细菌还原Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的循环伏安曲线的影响不大.初始pH值为10是细菌还原Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳pH值.     

伏安法测定水中β-萘酚

研究了β-萘酚在多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)修饰电极上的电化学行为,在C6H8O7-Na2HPO4溶液中,β-萘酚在修饰电极上产生一对可逆峰,还原峰电位为-0.103V,氧化峰电位为-0.076V,该峰较灵敏、稳定,适于伏安测定。据此提出了一种灵敏,简便的检测β-萘酚的电化学分析方法。在合适的条件下,β-萘酚浓度在2×10-5～4×10-4mol/L范围内浓度与峰电流呈线性相关,相关系数r=0.9940,检出限2.5×10-7mol/L。同时对模拟水样进行测定,结果满意。     

Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution on palladium/foam-nickel and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel electrodes

Electrochemical dechlorination of chloroform in neutral aqueous solution was investigated using palladium-loaded electrodes at ambient temperature. Palladium/foam-nickel （Pd/foam-Ni） and palladium/polymeric pyrrole film/foam-nickel （Pd/PPy/foam-Ni） composite electrodes which provided catalytic surface for reductive dechlorination of chloroform in aqueous solution were prepared using an electrodepositing method. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） micrographs showed that polymeric pyrrole film modified the electrode-surface characteristics and resulted in the uniform dispersion of needle-shaped palladium particles on foam-Ni supporting electrode. The experimental results of dechlorination indicated that the removal efficiency of chloroform and current efficiency in neutral aqueous solution on Pd/PPy/foam-Ni electrode could be up to 36.8% and 33.0% at dechlorination current of 0.1 mA and dechlorination time of 180 min, which is much higher than that of Pd/foam-Ni electrode.     

Catalytic dechlorination of chlorobenzene in water by Pd/Fe bimetallic system

IntroductionChlorinatedorganiccompoundshavebeenusedonalargescaleinthechemical,petrochemical,andelectronicindustries.Inrecentyears ,worldwideattentionhasbeengiventotheenvironmentalandhealthimpactofthemasaclassofcontaminants .Severalareknowntocauseozonedepletion ,whileothersproduceadverseeffectsonthehumancentralnervoussystemandhavebeenlinkedtodiseasessuchascancer.Almostallofthechlorinatedaromaticcompoundsaretoxicandthermallystable .Oncereleasedintoenvironment,theywillaccumulateinthesurroundings…     

Pd-Ni/GC电极电化学还原水中三氯甲烷的研究

通过电沉积法在玻碳板(GC)电极上负载钯镍双金属,并利用正交实验对其进行循环伏安(CV)研究. CV结果表明,钯镍双金属比钯、镍单金属具有更大的氢吸附峰值,可以在- 500 mV(以Hg/Hg2SO4 为参比电极)左右获得- 24.83 mA的氢吸附峰.扫描电镜分析(SEM)表明,镍的加入改变了钯颗粒在GC表面的分布形态,钯镍双金属颗粒形貌明显不同于钯、镍单金属颗粒,钯镍双金属颗粒粒径介于钯、镍单金属颗粒粒径之间.实验考察了脱氯电流、脱氯时间对三氯甲烷去除率的影响.三氯甲烷的去除率随脱氯电流的增大而增大,随脱氯时间的延长而提高.在优化条件下制备的Pd-Ni/GC电极在0.5 mA、180 min的脱氯条件下对三氯甲烷的去除率为42.53%.可以推测,随着脱氯时间的继续延长,三氯甲烷去除率可得到进一步提高.     

Accelerated anaerobic dechlorination of DDT in slurry with Hydragric Acrisols using citric acid and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS)

The application of electron donor and electron shuttle substances has a vital influence on electron transfer,thus may affect the reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichoro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane(DDT) in anaerobic reaction systems.To evaluate the roles of citric acid and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate(AQDS) in accelerating the reductive dechlorination of DDT in Hydragric Acrisols that contain abundant iron oxide,a batch anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted in a slurry system with four treatments of(1) control,(2) citric acid,(3) AQDS,and(4) citric acid + AQDS.Results showed that DDT residues decreased by 78.93%–92.11% of the initial quantities after 20 days of incubation,and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane(DDD) was the dominant metabolite.The application of citric acid accelerated DDT dechlorination slightly in the first 8 days,while the methanogenesis rate increased quickly,and then the acceleration effect improved after the 8th day while the methanogenesis rate decreased.The amendment by AQDS decreased the Eh value of the reaction system and accelerated microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxides to generate Fe(II),which was an efficient electron donor,thus enhancing the reductive dechlorination rate of DDT.The addition of citric acid + AQDS was most efficient in stimulating DDT dechlorination,but no significant interaction between citric acid and AQDS on DDT dechlorination was observed.The results will be of great significance for developing an efficient in situ remediation strategy for DDT-contaminated sites.     

钯/泡沫镍阴极对水中微量氯贝酸的电催化氢化还原脱氯研究

氯贝酸（Clofibric acid, CA）是一种常见药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）类物质,在环境中具有持久性和稳定性.常规的水处理技术难以去除微量的CA,采用电催化氢化脱氯的方法可有效实现脱氯.本研究考察了CA初始浓度、工作电位、阴极液初始pH、反应温度、钯载量和电解质Na₂SO₄的浓度等多种因素对氯贝酸降解的影响.结果表明,CA的脱氯降解符合一级动力学方程,在工作电位为-0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl,钯负载量为0.20 mg·cm^-2,Na₂SO₄浓度为10 mmol·L^-1,初始阴极液pH为4.6,反应温度控制在303 K时,经过120 min的反应后,初始浓度为5 mg·L^-1的CA降解率达98%.因此利用钯/泡沫镍电极电催化还原降解废水中的CA具有很大的应用潜力.     

不同电子供体下三氯苯酚的还原脱氯机制研究

研究了葡萄糖、乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠这4种电子供体条件下,2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,2,4,6-TCP)的降解效果及其还原脱氯途径.结果表明,与葡萄糖的作用相比,乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠均可有效提高2,4,6-TCP的脱氯效果,其中乳酸钠能作为一类缓释氢物质持续供给2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯所需电子.外加电子供体可提高微生物体内基质代谢脱氢酶活性,反应240 h后,4种电子供体体系中脱氢酶活性增长依次为21.49%、25.78%、136.85%和139.3%.2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯的主要产物包括2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)和苯酚,其中乙酸钠作为电子供体时,4-CP为其主要降解产物,转化率达到22%以上.     

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solid electrode

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solidelectrode was studied. As solid electrodes, carbon cloth (CC), carbon felt (CF) and titanium mesh were used, and palladium was plated on solid electrodes by either electrolytic or electroless method. On each electrode with Pd, chlorophenols were qualitatively dechlorinated to phenol, while they were entirely intact on electrodes without Pd. Moreover, neither base electrode nor plating method significantly affected the activity of Pd as far as it was sufficiently loaded on the electrode. Based on the results in the experiments using one electrode repeatedly, Pd catalyst proved to possess a satisfactory duarability under the present condition. It was suggested that the reactive species responsinble for the dechlorination of chlorophenols could be formed during preliminary electrolysis. Thus, (Pd)_x-H resulting from the adsorption of electrogenerated hydrogen on metallic Pd might be assumed most probable.     

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solid electrode

Electroreductive dechlorination of chlorophenols with Pd catalyst supported on solidelectrode was studied. As solid electrodes, carbon cloth (CC), carbon felt (CF) and titanium mesh were used, and palladium was plated on solid electrodes by either electrolytic or electroless method. On each electrode with Pd, chlorophenols were qualitatively dechlorinated to phenol, while they were entirely intact on electrodes without Pd. Moreover, neither base electrode nor plating method significantly affected the activity of Pd as far as it was sufficiently loaded on the electrode. Based on the results in the experiments using one electrode repeatedly, Pd catalyst proved to possess a satisfactory duarability under the present condition. It was suggested that the reactive species responsinble for the dechlorination of chlorophenols could be formed during preliminary electrolysis. Thus, (Pd)_x-H resulting from the adsorption of electrogenerated hydrogen on metallic Pd might be assumed most probable.     

苯甲酸盐厌氧驯化体系中三氯乙烯的还原脱氯特性

采用气相色谱法实时监测了厌氧条件下,以苯甲酸盐为唯一碳源的驯化活性污泥体系对三氯乙烯(TCE)的还原脱氯情况;同时,结合454焦磷酸测序和实时荧光定量PCR技术对该体系中的微生物群落结构及脱卤拟球菌(DHC)的数量进行分析.结果表明,该驯化体系在94 d内能将TCE完全去除,最终转化产物为一氯乙烯(VC),同时伴随大量的甲烷产生;体系中微生物的多样性很高,涵盖了16个门、33个纲、52个目、88个科和129个属,而且体系中约有51.2%的微生物的分类地位尚未明确,说明体系中还存在很多未知的功能菌;体系对TCE的降解过程其实就是还原脱氯菌与其它功能菌相互作用的结果,且起主要还原脱氯作用的是携带tce A功能基因的DHC.