小分子有机碳源对滴滴涕污染沉积物生物修复作用的基础研究

考察了辽河沉积物p,p'-DDT在无外加碳源和外加乳酸钠或丙酸钠情况下的缺氧生的降解行为，降解过程中体系的pH变化，并测定了p,p'-DDT的主要缺氧降解产物及其浓度变化，结果表现，p,p'-DDT的缺氧脱氯行为符合准一级反应动力学，无外加碳源，DDT的缺氧脱氯降解有近一个月的滞后期，降解速率为k（无碳源）＝0.0082d^-1，而外加碳源物质，大大缩短了DDT缺氧脱氯降解的滞后，降解速率分别为k(乳酸钠）＝0.0917d^-1,k(丙酸钠）＝0.1023d^-1，而且，p,p'-DDT的缺氧还原脱氯行为主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p-p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生；p,p'-DDD主要发生在体系中pH上升的阶段，p,p'-DDT缺氧生物降解的主要产物是p,p'-DDD，并有少量的p,p'-DDE产生，p,p'-DDD在后期有降解。     

铁氧化物与丙酸对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解影响

采用红壤性水稻土进行厌氧培养试验,设定灭菌对照、对照、丙酸、针铁矿、丙酸+针铁矿5个处理,分析铁氧化物、丙酸及其交互作用对土壤中六氯苯还原脱氯过程的影响及其反应机制.结果表明,培养40d后,5个处理的土壤中六氯苯可提取态残留量分别减少了26.9%、48.5%、63.4%、56.9%和72.9%;六氯苯还原脱氯主要生成五氯苯;添加丙酸在整个培养过程均显著促进六氯苯还原脱氯降解;添加针铁矿在培养前期促进六氯苯还原脱氯的效果明显;同时添加丙酸和针铁矿对促进六氯苯还原脱氯具有协同作用.     

Evaluation of biostimulation and Tween 80 addition for the bioremediation of long-term DDT-contaminated soil

The bioremediation of a long-term contaminated soil through biostimulation and surfactant addition was evaluated. The concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and its metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) were monitored during an 8-week remediation process. Physicochemical characterization of the treated soil was performed before and after the bioremediation process. The isolation and identification of predominant microorganisms during the remediation process were also carried out. The efficiency of detoxification was evaluated after each bioremediation protocol. Humidity and pH and the heterotrophic microorganism count were monitored weekly. The DDT concentration was reduced by 79% after 8 weeks via biostimulation with surfactant addition (B + S) and 94.3% via biostimulation alone (B). Likewise, the concentrations of the metabolites DDE and DDD were reduced to levels below the quantification limits. The microorganisms isolated during bioremediation were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis, Flavobacterium sp., Cuprivadius sp., Variovorax soli, Phenylobacterium sp. and Lysobacter sp., among others. Analysis with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed visualization of the colonization patterns of soil particles. The toxicity of the soil before and after bioremediation was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri as a bioluminescent sensor. A decrease in the toxic potential of the soil was verified by the increase of the concentration/effect relationship EC₅₀ to 26.9% and 27.2% for B + S and B, respectively, compared to 0.4% obtained for the soil before treatment and 2.5% by natural attenuation after 8 weeks of treatment.     

Application of sewage sludge and intermittent aeration strategy to the bioremediation of DDT-and HCH-contaminated soil

Adding organic amendments to stimulate the biodegradation of pesticides is a subject of ongoing interest. The effect of sewage sludge on the bioremediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane（DDT） and hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） contaminated soil was investigated in bench scale experiments,and intermittent aeration strategy was also used in this study to form an anaerobic–aerobic cycle. Bioremediation of DDT and HCH was enhanced with the addition of sewage sludge and the intermittent aeration. The removal rates of HCH and DDT were raised by 16.8%–80.8% in 10 days. Sewage sludge increased the organic carbon content from 6.2 to218 g/kg,and it could also introduce efficient degradation microbes to soil,including Pseudomonas sp.,Bacillus sp. and Sphingomonas sp. The unaerated phase enhanced the anaerobic dechlorination of DDT and HCH,and anaerobic removal rates of β-HCH,o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT accounted for more than 50% of the total removal rates,but the content of α-HCH declined more in the aerobic phase.     

Simultaneous anaerobic- aerobic biodegradation of halogenated phenolic compound under oxygen-limited conditions

The successful application of co-immobilized aerobic-anaerobic biomass under limited aeration in wastewater treatment systems would eliminate the problems associated with the intermediates mono-chlorophenol（MCP） and di-chlorophenol（DCP） accumulations. With low initial pentachlorophenol（PCP） concentration, all PCP could be completely removed under oxygen-limited strict anaerobic conditions, and the removal efficiencies with different initial headspace oxygen percentage（IHOP） were not obviously different from each other. While at high initial PCP concentration, under strictly anaerobic conditions PCP and their intermediates were clearly higher than that under other conditions, and produced obvious accumulation, the highest PCP reduction was achieved by the system receiving 30 IHOP, oxygen-limited system also exhibited lower residual TOC concentration and lower concentration of metabolic intermediates MCP and DCP. These results suggested that under strictly anaerobic condition the reductive dechlorination of low chlorinated compounds became rate limiting in the reductive dechlorination pathway, less chlorinated compounds be more amenable to aerobic degradation, and the aerobes of outer layers could function under limited oxygen. The co-immobilized aerobic-anaerobic biomass for methanogenesis under limited-aeration for chlorophenol degradation might be an attractive and efficient alternative for the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system to achieve mineralization of a broad range of recalcitrance highly chlorinated organics and low final TOC concentrations.     

针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-二氯苯酚厌氧降解的影响

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)常用于农药生产,在水体和土壤中广泛分布,具有难降解、高毒性的特点.通过模拟自然过程,在厌氧反应体系中投加铁氧化物和硫酸盐矿物,重点考察了不同矿物对2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果发现,厌氧体系中针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-DCP均没有明显的吸附作用;质量衡算结果表明所有反应体系中仅发生2,4-DCP向4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)的转化;与无外加碳源组相比,乙酸钠的加入使得2,4-DCP的还原脱氯反应速率增大一倍.分析表明针铁矿和磁铁矿加入可刺激脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而提高微生物的电子传递能力和2,4-DCP的降解速率;石膏加入强烈抑制脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而抑制2,4-DCP的降解.研究结果对认识难生化降解卤代酚在厌氧环境中的迁移转化及环境工程中此类物质的处理具有潜在意义.     

降解多氯联苯的微生物特性研究进展

综述了多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）需氧降解，包括共代谢的需氧微生物，需氧降解途径和微生物降解环境中持久存在的阿罗克尔（Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ）商业混合物的特性等；厌氧还原脱氯包括淡水和港湾沉积物中厌氧微生物降解ＰＣＢｓ的特性以及一些脱氯方式（过程）和还原脱氯过程的促进发法。     

小分子有机碳对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解及挥发的影响

采用密封培养瓶装置,研究了红壤性水稻土和乌栅土在添加乙酸、葡萄糖、柠檬酸时六氯苯(HCB)的厌氧降解行为,同时分析了土壤pH变化、碳源转化过程中甲烷和二氧化碳的释放及六氯苯的挥发.结果表明,8周内红壤性水稻土中HCB减少了约20%～44%,加入乙酸抑制HCB的降解,表明低pH条件不利于脱氯反应,加入葡萄糖和柠檬酸在前期抑制后期则促进HCB的降解;乌栅土中HCB减少了约21%～23%,加入小分子有机质对其降解没有明显的效果;六氯苯降解的主要产物为五氯苯(PCB),最终检测到红壤性水稻土中PCB为23～96 μg/kg,乌栅土中为64～92 μg/kg; HCB的降解与CH4和CO2的释放量在统计学上没有显著的相关性;2种土壤中,外加小分子有机碳均减少了HCB的挥发作用,且红壤性水稻土中HCB的挥发比乌栅土中更强,表明土壤有机质是影响HCB挥发的重要因子.     

Arsenic release from microbial reduction of scorodite in the presence of electron shuttle in flooded soil

Scorodite (FeAsO₄·H₂O) is a common arsenic-bearing (As-bearing) iron mineral in nearsurface environments that could immobilize or store As in a bound state.In flooded soils,microbe induced Fe(Ⅲ) or As(Ⅴ) reduction can increase the mobility and bioavailability of As.Additionally,humic substances can act as electron shuttles to promote this process.The dynamics of As release and diversity of putative As(Ⅴ)-reducing bacteria during scorodite reduction have yet to be investigat...     

生活垃圾不同填埋阶段的富里酸对五氯苯酚的降解

采用紫外和红外光谱对不同填埋年限生活垃圾的富里酸(fulvic acid,FA)的结构组成和官能团变化进行分析,并对不同填埋阶段富里酸(FA)的电子转移能力和其对五氯苯酚(pentachlorophenol,PCP)的降解能力进行研究.结果表明,以S.oneidensis MR-1作电子供体,同时添加不同阶段填埋富里酸作电子穿梭体可以显著提高PCP的降解率,降解率能达到80%以上.不同填埋阶段富里酸对PCP的降解有不同的还原转化能力的原因是氧化还原性质存在差异.填埋富里酸具有PCP还原转化能力又归因于其具有电子转移能力,这些功能都利于促进PCP还原脱氯.而填埋富里酸电子转移特性主要源于其结构中含有的电子转移功能基团,其中羟基和羧基是填埋过程富里酸分子中重要的活性官能团,其含量高低将影响PCP还原脱氯效率.     

纳米Fe0颗粒对三种单氯酚的降解

采用化学还原法制备了纳米Fe0颗粒,研究了不同条件下纳米Fe0对3种单氯酚(2-CP, 3-CP, 4-CP)的去除作用.结果表明,纳米Fe0对单氯酚具有良好的去除效果,主要降解途径为先脱氯后开环,实现氯酚分子与Fe原子间的电子转移,达到还原脱氯的效果.3种单氯酚的脱氯难易程度为2-CP＞3-CP＞4-CP,脱氯反应活性与其分子最低空轨道能量(ELUMO)有关.随着氯酚初始浓度的增大,其相对去除率略有降低, 但绝对降解量有较大提高.温度不仅影响脱氯速率,而且影响氯酚去除的途径,温度较高时,氯酚先脱氯后开环;温度低时,较易产生氧化产物.     

腐殖酸强化六氯苯厌氧降解规律及其中间产物

为探索厌氧条件下HA(腐殖酸)对HCB(六氯苯)降解的影响,通过构建ρ(HA)为0(HA₀)、120(HA₁₂₀)及200(HA₂₀₀)mg/L厌氧发酵体系,利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)对ρ(HCB)及中间产物进行测定. 结果表明:发酵系统运行72 h后,HA₀、HA₁₂₀、HA₂₀₀处理中HCB降解率分别为13.0％、16.5％和17.4％,表明HA可以促进HCB的降解,并且随ρ(HA)的增加,降解效果越好,但降解效率增幅降低. 对HCB脱氯中间产物的分析发现,PeCB(五氯苯)、TeCB(四氯苯)、TCB(三氯苯)和DCB(二氯苯)均有检出;在发酵的前12 h,ρ(DCB)快速增加,发酵72 h后HA₀、HA₁₂₀、HA₂₀₀处理中ρ(DCB)分别为50.6、51.0和57.6 μg/L,明显高于其他中间产物,表明DCB是HCB脱氯的限速中间体;对DCB进行同分异构体分析表明,DCB的同分异构体有1,2-DCB、1,3-DCB和1,4-DCB三种,发酵结束后HA₀、HA₁₂₀和HA₂₀₀处理中ρ(1,4-DCB)最高,分别为22.0、17.2和18.7 μg/L,1,4-DCB为HCB降解的主要中间产物. 研究显示,通过调控厌氧发酵体系内HA的含量可达到强化HCB脱氯的目的.      

纳米FeO作用下4-氯酚的脱氯特性及机理

采用化学还原法制备了纳米Fe^O, ESEM测定结果表明其颗粒在1～100 nm内. 实验表明这些纳米Fe^O能在20 h内将初始浓度为20 mg/L的4-氯酚完全降解, Fe^O对4-CP的还原脱氯是主要去除途径. 苯酚是脱氯反应的主要产物. 当4-CP的初始浓度由20　mg/L增大到50, 100, 150　mg/L时, 其相对去除率明显降低, 但绝对降解量有较大提高. 温度不仅影响脱氯速率, 而且影响4-CP去除的途径. 30℃时, 脱氯反应为主要反应; １０℃时, 较易产生氧化产物. Fe原子的迁移过程在4-CP的降解中也是一个重要的限速步骤. 此外, 纳米Fe^O具有很好的稳定性, 在受试的379　h内, 纳米Fe^O能够应对不同浓度冲击及反复投加的4-氯酚冲击的能力.     

Biphasic reduction model for predicting the impacts of dye-bath constituents on the reduction of tris-azo dye Direct Green-1 by zero valent iron (Fe)

Influence of common dye-bath additives, namely sodium chloride, ammonium sulphate, urea, acetic acid and citric acid, on the reductive decolouration of Direct Green 1 dye in the presence of Fe⁰ was investigated. Organic acids improved dye reduction by augmenting Fe⁰ corrosion, with acetic acid performing better than citric acid. NaCl enhanced the reduction rate by its ‘salting out’ effect on the bulk solution and by Cl⁻ anion-mediated pitting corrosion of iron surface. (NH₄)₂SO₄ induced ‘salting out’ effect accompanied by enhanced iron corrosion by SO₄^2 − anion and buffering effect of NH₄⁺ improved the reduction rates. However, at 2 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ concentration, complexating of SO₄^2 − with iron oxides decreased Fe⁰ reactivity. Urea severely compromised the reduction reaction, onus to its chaotropic and ‘salting in’ effect in solution, and due to it masking the Fe⁰ surface. Decolouration obeyed biphasic reduction kinetics (R² > 0.993 in all the cases) exhibiting an initial rapid phase, when more than 95% dye reduction was observed, preceding a tedious phase. Maximum rapid phase reduction rate of 0.955/min was observed at pH 2 in the co-presence of all dye-bath constituents. The developed biphasic model reckoned the influence of each dye-bath additive on decolouration and simulated well with the experimental data obtained at pH 2.     

好氧与厌氧交替加速2,4,6-三氯酚的生物降解

2,4,6-trichlorophenol（TCP）是一种较难生物降解的有机化合物,而TCP还原脱氯是其生物降解的关键,该过程通常在厌氧条件下进行。TCP对位的氯离子比邻位难脱除,所形成的中间产物4-氯酚（4-CP）在厌氧条件下很难得到进一步降解。然而,此时将反应体系切换成好氧条件时4-CP则可得到有效降解。基于好氧和厌氧交替可共存的特点,采用垂直折流板式生物反应器降解TCP。相比单纯厌氧降解,厌氧和好氧交替模式可明显加速TCP的生物降解。对于初始浓度为50 μmol/L的TCP,完全去除的时间可从34 h缩短至12 h。该运行模式可缓解中间产物对TCP降解的抑制,4-CP的代谢产物苯酚在好氧条件下可得到迅速降解,缓解了其抑制作用,加速TCP在厌氧条件下的生物降解。     

Effects of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid accumulation and process performance in the anaerobic digestion of two typical bio-wastes

The effect of free ammonia on volatile fatty acid(VFA)accumulation and process instability was studied using a lab-scale anaerobic digester fed by two typical bio-wastes:fruit and vegetable waste(FVW)and food waste(FW)at 35°C with an organic loading rate(OLR)of 3.0 kg VS/(m~3·day). The inhibitory effects of free ammonia on methanogenesis were observed due to the low C/N ratio of each substrate(15.6 and 17.2,respectively). A high concentration of free ammonia inhibited methanogenesis resulting in the accumulation of VFAs and a low methane yield. In the inhibited state,acetate accumulated more quickly than propionate and was the main type of accumulated VFA. The co-accumulation of ammonia and VFAs led to an "inhibited steady state" and the ammonia was the main inhibitory substance that triggered the process perturbation. By statistical significance test and VFA fluctuation ratio analysis,the free ammonia inhibition threshold was identified as 45 mg/L. Moreover,propionate,iso-butyrate and valerate were determined to be the three most sensitive VFA parameters that were subject to ammonia inhibition.     

The effect of continuous Ni(Ⅱ) exposure on the organic degradation and soluble microbial product(SMP) formation in two-phase anaerobic reactor

A two-phase anaerobic reactor fed with glucose substrate (3 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L) was used to investigate the effects of toxic metals on the degradation of organics and the soluble microbial product (SMP) formation. Low concentrations of Ni(II) (5 and 10 mg/L) promoted the acid phase, whereas high concentrations (15, 20, and 25 mg/L) exhibited an inhibitory effect on, but did not alter the fermentative method, which mainly involved the fermentation of propionic acid. The methanogenic microorganism exhibited a strong capability adapting constantly increased Ni(II) levels. The acid phase was an accumulation stage of SMP. In the absence of Ni(II), the high-molecular-weight material in the effluent SMP mainly contained polysaccharide, tryptophan, and casein. Methanogens metabolized most of the polysaccharide, the whole tryptophan content, and part of the casein, leading to the presence of humic acid and protein in effluent. After Ni(II) dosage, the protein and polysaccharide of the acid phase increased, and tryptophan changed, while casein remained stable. More protein than polysaccharide was produced, suggesting the prominent function of protein when addressing the negative effect of toxic metals. The analysis of DNA confirmed the change of bacterial activity.     

醌呼吸影响厌氧消化产CO2/CH4及转化有毒物质的研究

利用蒽醌-2,6,-双磺酸(AQDS)为模式物在厌氧消化过程中富集醌呼吸微生物,考察了富集产物厌氧消化同步醌呼吸的产气特性和对有毒物质的转化.结果发现,富集产物具有较强的腐殖质还原能力,CO2:CH4为1.7,高于未富集污泥;不同来源的腐殖质因其具有不同的分子结构和醌功能基团数量,对污泥的醌呼吸的促进作用有所差别,而可从还原性腐殖质接受电子的Fe(III)可显著加强醌呼吸速率;醌呼吸微生物在pH4.5~6条件下获得较高活性,说明此时醌呼吸对厌氧消化贡献较大;富集产物以乙酸为电子供体时可快速转化苯和三氯乙烯, 27h的转化率分为85.9%和82.2%,并可以苯为电子供体以三氯乙烯为电子受体同时降解苯和还原三氯乙烯,30h内的转化率分别为81.7%和68.8%.     

铁对水中六氯乙烷的还原脱氯作用

采用纯铁粉和废铁屑时水溶液中六氯乙烷进行还原脱氯实验。结果表明，有顶空存在的反应体系中脱氯率较低；废铁屑时六氯乙烷的脱氯效果较铁粉要好；反应体系初始pH值时铁的还原脱氯作用有强烈的影响，当溶液pH值为酸性时还原效果达到最好。     

Catalytic dechlorination of chlorobenzene in water by Pd/Fe bimetallic system

IntroductionChlorinatedorganiccompoundshavebeenusedonalargescaleinthechemical,petrochemical,andelectronicindustries.Inrecentyears ,worldwideattentionhasbeengiventotheenvironmentalandhealthimpactofthemasaclassofcontaminants .Severalareknowntocauseozonedepletion ,whileothersproduceadverseeffectsonthehumancentralnervoussystemandhavebeenlinkedtodiseasessuchascancer.Almostallofthechlorinatedaromaticcompoundsaretoxicandthermallystable .Oncereleasedintoenvironment,theywillaccumulateinthesurroundings…