厦门港表层水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的研究

利用ＧＣ－ＥＣＤ对厦门西港１９９８年７月取得上位表层水体中的１８种有机氯农药（ＨＣＨｓ，ＤＤＴｓ等）和１２种多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）进行分析。其中有机氯农药的浓度范围６．６０～３２．６ｎｇ／Ｌ（其中ＨＣＨｓ：３．５１～２７．８ｎｇ／Ｌ），ｎｇ／Ｌ，ＤＤＴｓ，０．９５～２．２５ｎｇ／Ｌ均值１．４５ｎｇ／Ｌ），多氯联苯的浓度为０．０８～１．６９ｎｇ／Ｌ，同国内外其他港口海区相比较，其污染和蔼相对较低。同时     

夏季北极地区表层水中持久性有机污染物浓度水平分析

持久性有机污染物可以通过大气、洋流等各种长距离传输途径进入北极地区,其中有机氯农药和多氯联苯对生态环境影响持久。采集夏季北极不同纬度地区的环境水样,并对北极地区表层水中这两类物质进行分析,以揭示北极地区表层水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平。结果表明,所有水样均未检出多氯联苯;部分有机氯农药有检出,但处于极低的浓度水平,远低于国内外饮用水标准限值。     

固相萃取技术在水体有机物分析中的应用

本文阐述了固相萃取技术（ＳＰＥ）的原理，方法及特点，阐述了ＳＰＥ和气相色谱（ＧＣ）在线与离线两种联用技术应用于水样中有机化合物的分析，并着重介绍了ＳＰＥ－ＧＣ应用于分析水环境中痕量多氯有机化合物，包括多氯联苯化合物（ＰＣＢｓ）和有机氯农药（ＯＣＰｓ）的方法进展情况。     

气相色谱法测定黄河底泥中多氯联苯及有机氯农药

对黄河底泥样品中多氯联苯及有机氯农药，经索氏提取法处理后，用气相色谱法进行了测定，结果表明：（1）本方法的最低检出限为0.05-0.5ug/kg，达到了微量分析的要求。（2）采集的黄河底泥样品中，多氯联苯及有机氯农药污染较轻。（3）加标回收实验中，多氯联苯的回收率为68．8％－107％,有机氯农药的回收率为40．8％－81．1％。     

珠江三角洲一些城市水体中微量有机氯化合物的初步分析

采用较快速、简便的方法，用ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ对珠江三角洲几个城市中的污水及深圳河，大沙河中的有机氯化合物进行了初步探查及半定量分析。结果表明，几种有机氯农药尽管已停止生产多年，但在污水及河水中仍有残留，其中ＤＤＴ及其衍生物ＤＤＥ含量在０．０２－０．５０μｇ／Ｌ范围内；ＢＨＣｓ在０．０４－０．７２μｇ／Ｌ范围内，氯苯类化合物及ＰＣＢｓ在污水及不中也被检出。     

THE CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

ＴＨＥＣＥＮＴＲＥＦＯＲＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＴＨＥＣＨＩＮＥＳＥＵＮＩＶＥＲＳＩＴＹＯＦＨＯＮＧＫＯＮＧ￥／／ＯＢＪＥＣＴＩＶＥＳＯｖｅｒｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓ，ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｇｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍ...     

气相色谱法测定环境空气及工业废气中的乙醛

用气相色谱法测定环境空气和工业废气中的乙醛，以１％ＮａＨＳＯ３溶液富集吸收，以ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ的固定液，ＧＣＳ－８８０－ＡＷ－ＤＭＣＳ为载体，用氢焰离子化检测器进行色谱测定，研究了采样方法，样品保存和最佳色谱条件等，方法的采样效率不小于９９．０％，精密度和准确度较高；方法的最低检出浓度为０．０４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

珠江三角洲河口及邻近海区沉积物中含氯有机污染物的分布特征

对采自珠江三角洲河口及其邻近海区的表层沉积物样品中含氯有机污染物多氯联苯和有机氯农药进行了定量分析测定,并探讨了其在珠江三角洲地区的分布特征．结果表明,沉积物已受到了一定程度的污染,其中澳门内港和广州河段的样品已经受到严重的有机氯污染.从有机氯农药来看,其分布为澳门内港＞澳门南环湾＞珠江广州河段＞狮子洋＞伶仃洋＞西江;多氯联苯的分布为广州芳村＞澳门内港＞珠江广州河段＞狮子洋＞伶仃洋≈西江．     

稀有Ju鲫,大鳞泥鳅——新的七天亚慢性毒性试验材料

讨论了稀有Ｊｕ鲫和大鳞泥鳅作为七天亚慢性毒性试验材料的可行性。依据生长和现存量作为观察指标，测定了铬、铜、锌、镉和五氯酚对稀有Ｊｕ鲫的无可观察效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）和最低可观察效应浓度（ＬＯＥＣ），铬和五氯酚对大鳞泥鳅的ＮＯＥＣ和ＬＯＥＣ。铬、铜、锌、镉和五氯酚对稀有Ｊｕ鲫的ＮＯＥＣ分别是２５００，１０，２００，２０，８０μｇ／Ｌ，ＬＯＥＣ分别是５０００，２０，４００，４０，１６０μｇ／Ｌ。铬和五氯     

黄河湿地孟津段水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

采集了黄河湿地孟津段滩区表层水体和沉积物样品,采用C18固相萃取柱和索氏提取分离富集、气相色谱-电子捕获（GC-ECD）检测、气相色谱仪-质谱（GC-MS）确证的方法对样品中20种有机氯农药进行分析和研究.结果表明,研究区表层水体中有α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、4,4-DDT、七氯和艾氏剂等7种有机氯农药被检出,检出率为4.2%～62.5%,总含量为ND～12.21 ng/L;沉积物中只有4,4-DDE和4,4-DDT 2种组分被检出,检出率为50％～75％,总含量为ND～64.58 ng/g.表层水体中∑HCHs和∑DDTs含量均未超标,但表层沉积物中有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.组分分布特征表明,有机氯农药各组分在湿地水体-沉积物的迁移过程中,HCHs在水体中含有较高的比例,沉积物则是DDTs的最终归宿.表层水体及沉积物中有机氯农药的含量具有明显的季节性,从高到低依次为：丰水期＞平水期＞枯水期.源解析的结果表明,表层水体中,HCHs可能主要来源于环境中的早期残留,丰水期可能有林丹的近期输入或附近有林丹的使用;沉积物中,枯水期有机氯农药的污染主要源自环境中的早期残留,而平水期和丰水期则可能有新的污染源输入.总体研究结果表明该区域有机氯农药的来源具有面源污染特征.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.