动力工业废物处理与综合利用

X773.01 200402385 氨水洗涤脱除CO2温室气体的机理研究/刁永发…(清华大学热能工程系,煤的清洁燃烧国家重点实验室)∥环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2003,23(6).-753-757 环图X-9 利用氨水洗涤电厂模拟烟气中的CO2温室气体,在合适的操作条件下,可以实现很高的CO2脱除率(达到95%以上);当入口CO2体积分数分别为10%、12%、14%,氨水吸收CO2的脱除率超过90%时,进口CO2体积分数对氨水吸收CO2脱除率的影响不大;随着氨水浓度的增加,氨水吸收CO2 的吸收速率和达到平衡状态时CO2的脱除率都要增大;氨水洗涤CO2温室气体的动力学研究表明: 在实验所涉及的温度区间内,其化学反应符合Ar- rhenius规律。图7表1参6     

温度对喷氨同时脱碳脱硫率影响的试验研究

利用氨气加水蒸汽喷射方法脱除燃煤锅炉模拟烟气中的CO2和SO2气体，烟气中CO2和SO2气体的体积分数分别为12％和0．25％．设定水蒸气温度50℃恒定，以确保反应器中水蒸汽的含湿量较低，其化学反应温度在25℃～95℃之间变化，同时喷入氨气与水蒸气的混合气体，其脱碳脱硫率随反应时间的变化表明：反应温度为55℃～60℃时，CO2和SO2的最大脱除率分别达到70％和95％．对化学反应产物进行FTIR试验，表明其反应产物主要是碳酸铵盐和硫酸铵盐的混合物．配合BET解吸试验，结果表明：在低含湿量条件下，采用喷氨方法，脱除电厂烟气中的CO2和SO2气体过程中，CO2气体除了被氨吸收发生化学反应，生成(NH4)2SO4和NH4HCO3晶体外，还被吸附在(NH4)2SO4和NH4HCO3晶体的空隙里．     

填料塔中DBU溶液对CO2脱除率的实验研究

温室效应日益受到各国政府和科学家的关注,如何实现CO2捕集成为温室气体减排的关键.本文通过搭建吸收CO2的填料塔,研究1,8-二氮杂双环[5,4,0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)溶液浓度、DBU溶液流量、气体流量、液气比、入口CO2浓度、气体温度和填料层高度对CO2脱除率的影响.结果发现CO2脱除率随DBU溶液浓度、DBU溶液流量和液气比的增大而增大;随气体流量和入口CO2浓度的增加而下降;气体温度在30~40℃时,CO2脱除率达到最高;填料层高度对CO2脱除率也有一定影响,随着填料层高度的增加,CO2脱除率只有小幅增大,因此实际应用中要综合考虑脱除率和经济性,选择合适的填料高度.     

DBU醇溶液对CO_2吸收量的影响研究

本文考察了CO2体积分数、温度、气体流量、吸收液喷雾量、DBU体积分数等因素对CO2吸收量的影响.研究结果表明:各因素对CO2吸收量的影响大小顺序为CO2体积分数温度气体流量吸收液喷雾量DBU体积分数,DBU醇溶液喷雾吸收CO2的最佳条件是CO2体积分数15%、温度30℃、气体流量2.7 L·min-1、吸收液喷雾量30 m L·min-1、DBU体积分数5%,此时CO2吸收量为1.095 mol·mol-1.     

负载量对氨水吸收CO2的影响规律及添加剂的作用研究

进行了氨法脱碳过程中吸收剂中CO2负载量对CO2脱除率影响的实验研究.结果发现,CO2脱除率随着负载量的增大而显著减小,高负载量(≥0.4)时,增加吸收液中总氨质量分数(吸收液中所有包含氨分子和铵离子的物质,并统一换算成NH3的质量分数)并不能有效地提高CO2的脱除率.同时,分别对有机和无机添加剂进行筛选,选取哌嗪(PZ)和十二水磷酸钠(Na3PO4·12H2O)对吸收剂中高CO2负载鼍条件下的氨水溶液进行改性.实验结果表明,当哌嗪(PZ)浓度与总氨浓度之比为0.08,在吸收荆中CO2负载量为0.4、0.5和0.6的条件下,CO2脱除率可分别提高29.4%、31.0%和21.7%;当Na3PO4·12H2O浓度与总氨浓度之比为0.10,在吸收剂中CO2负载量为0.4、0.5和0.6的条件下,CO2脱除率可分别提高11.0%、11.7%和17.1%.     

O2/CO2气氛下氮反应机理的研究

选取CH4、O2、CO2、Ar、NO、NH3，等气体，作为混合气和煤粉一起送入一维沉降炉内，以模拟O2／CO2气氛下煤中燃料氮、循环NO以及二者的相互作用对NO排放的影响，结果显示，在还原性气氛下NH3、HCN、CH4、CO与循环NO间的反应是NO排放下降的主要因素，且煤焦与NO的异相反应、吸附反应对NO的降解效果要明显高于氧化性气氛，同时，CO2体积分数的增加使得燃料中氮的氧化率升高，循环NO的降解率下降；氧化性气氛下随CO2体积分数的增加，燃料中氮的氧化率也增加，但循环NO的降解率升高．当CO2体积分数不变时，其对NO降解的作用随循环NO体积分数的增加愈加明显，在循环NO也不变且CO2体积分数较低时，随过量空气系数的增加，循环NO的降解率下降，而CO2体积分数较高时则出现相反情况。     

负载量对氨水吸收CO2的影响规律及添加剂的作用研究

进行了氨法脱碳过程中吸收剂中CO2负载量对CO2脱除率影响的实验研究.结果发现,CO2脱除率随着负载量的增大而显著减小,高负载量(≥0.4)时,增加吸收液中总氨质量分数(吸收液中所有包含氨分子和铵离子的物质,并统一换算成NH3的质量分数)并不能有效地提高CO2的脱除率.同时,分别对有机和无机添加剂进行筛选,选取哌嗪(P...     

氨水捕集秸秆气化燃气中CO_2的实验研究

为了从源头上减少二氧化碳排放,提高秸秆气化燃气热值,以氨水作为吸收剂,对捕集秸秆气化燃气中的二氧化碳进行了初步的实验研究,探讨了秸秆气化燃气热值与二氧化碳体积分数变化的关系。结果显示:在一定范围内,氨水浓度高、氨水流量大、秸秆气化燃气流量小对氨水吸收二氧化碳的反应更有利;在小型实验系统中,氨水浓度为9%,氨水流量为50 L/h,燃气流量为7.7 m3/h时,二氧化碳脱除率可达92.90%;当燃气中二氧化碳体积分数下降,单位体积燃气热值则增加,热值增加的百分比与二氧化碳体积分数减少量之比在1.06~1.10。     

喷雾塔中氨水吸收CO2的速率

为考察氨水细喷雾吸收CO2的能力,对喷雾塔中氨水细喷雾吸收CO2的反应过程进行了实验研究,测定了氨水吸收CO2的速率.实验结果表明,CO2的吸收速率随着氨水浓度、气体流量的升高而明显增大,随氨水流量升高也有所增加,CO2的吸收速率随CO2进口浓度的升高呈线性增加.当喷雾塔中温度低于40℃时,CO2的吸收速率随着塔内温度...     

烟气流量及二氧化碳分压对氨法减排效率的影响

减少二氧化碳的排放,进一步使其资源化,是中国乃至世界能源生产所需要解决的重大问题。氨法吸收燃煤烟气中的二氧化碳是目前国际上的一个重要研究方向,具有良好的应用前景。为考察燃煤烟气流量以及二氧化碳分压对氨法吸收燃煤烟气中二氧化碳效率的影响,文章在实验室模拟烟气采用氨法吸收烟气中CO2,选用R=50%碳化氨水作为CO2吸收剂,选择填料塔做反应器,考察了烟气流量以及CO2分压对CO2脱除率的影响。研究发现,烟气流量越小,塔内气、液反应时间越长,CO2脱除率越高。在不同烟气流量的条件下,吸收液碳化度均超过130%。混合烟气流量为1 L/min,CO2分压为0.046 MPa时,脱除率最高,反应出液碳化度最大,结晶效果最好。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.