北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究

2007年6月在北京通州污水灌区、清污混合灌区和清水灌区采集土壤和河流底泥样品共28个,参考EPA标准对样品进行处理和分析,研究了26种有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留及分布情况,探讨了有机氯农药含量与总有机碳(TOC)以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性.结果表明:从污水灌区到清水灌区有机氯农药的总量上并未出现明显递减的趋势,土壤和河流底泥中残留的有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和六氯苯(HCB)类,三者占有机氯农药残留总量的97.89%.OCPs质量分数平均值为36.18 ng·g-1,其中DDTs占OCPs的72.85%,大部分样品中DDT与DDE+DDD的质量分数之比都小于1,说明这些土壤和河流底泥中DDTs主要来自历史残留物.同时,除了两个样品外,其它样品的α-HCH/γ-HCH比值均小于1,平均值为0.63,表明林丹是这些采样点中HCH的主要新的污染源.沉积物中TOC、DDTs、HCHs和HCB类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.     

九龙江口水体中有机氯农药分布特征及归宿

1999-06,对九龙江口15个站位的表层水,13个站位的间隙水进行了18种有机氯农药的测定结果表明,有机氯农药总含量在表层水中的浓度范围为51.3～2479nng/L在间隙水中的浓度范围是266～33355ng/L.对不同有机氯的含量在各站位的分布特征进行了探讨,发现Methoxychlor(甲氧滴涕),Endosulfan Sulfate(硫酸硫丹),Endrinaldehyde(乙醛异狄氏剂)以及Endosulfan II(硫丹),Dieldrin(狄氏剂),Deta-HCH和Beta-HCH 7种有机氯农药在18种有机氯农药中都占主要部分;九龙江口的六六六的含量顺序:β＞δ>α＞γ;对于滴滴涕,表层水中的含量:DDE>>DDD＞DDT;间隙水中的含量:DDE>>DDT＞DDD,二者DDE的含量都在总DDTs的50%以上,说明环境中的DDTs主要降解为DDE;九龙江口有机氯农药随着盐度梯度,在河口中呈去除趋势;且间隙水中有机氯农药比表层水中的浓度高,说明其倾向于吸附在沉积物颗粒上,其浓度差使得有机污染物可能通过再悬浮等过程从底层向上层迁移.九龙江口的有机氯农药污染与其他港湾相比,污染水平相当,部分站位水质有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)超过国家一类水质的标准.     

珠江三角洲河流及南海近海区域表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布

利用GCECD检测了珠江三角洲主要河流、珠江河口及南海近海岸带共计50个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,主要检测出DDTs、HCHs和七氯等农药.有机氯农药含量范围为0.176～12.85ng·g-1,分布特征为珠江、东江>西江>珠江口>南海近海;南海样品的含量随着离岸距离的增加而下降.与1997年的样品相比较,珠江三角洲河流中有机氯农药含量明显下降,主要原因是有机物的降解作用.但DDTs农药仍然对该区生物造成潜在的负面影响.DDTs农药的组成特征表明,除西江有新近使用的DDT外,其余区域以农药残留为主.DDTs主要以还原产物为主,但随传输距离的增加,氧化产物逐渐成为主要组分.有机质含量与有机氯农药间的相关性分析表明,有机质在控制有机氯农药在沉积物中的分布上起着重要作用.     

有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中污染物的垂向分布特征

为了解农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的垂向分布特征,在某有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地的不同功能区设置采样点,分层采集土壤样品并分析其污染物的垂向分布特征.结果表明,在表层、亚表层土壤样品中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)较高,随着深度的增加土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)逐渐下降,但下降幅度呈现出一定的波动性.该场地土壤中的有机氯农药引起地下水污染的风险较低.通过研究污染物的组成发现,土壤中作为母体化合物的w(DDT)较低,其代谢产物w(DDD)和w(DDE)较高,HCHs异构体中β-HCH所占比例相对较高,表明过去生产期间的遗留是土壤中有机氯农药的主要来源.土壤理化性质与污染物含量间的相关性分析结果显示,位于西南部试验厂区土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)与w(有机质)相关性显著,说明该场地土壤中的有机质是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一.      

气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药特征与来源

使用GCIECD（气相色谱／电子捕获检测器）及毛细色谱柱定量分析粤港地区气溶胶和餐厅烟尘中有机氯农药的组成和分布特征,并分析其主要来源研究表明,从研究区大气环境中的气溶胶样品及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中,检出12种有机氯农药．其中6种DDT（滴滴涕）及其代谢物,3种BHC（六六六）和其它3种含氯农药,浓度范围在0.20～60.78pg/m³．靠近农田和果园的气溶胶及餐厅烟尘颗粒物中4,4'－DDT和2,4'－DDT浓度较高,说明大气环境中的DDT不仅来源于农药施撒过程和农田表层土壤,而且还来源于动物脂肪高温裂解的释放。     

石油化工行业废水中有机氯农药残留分析

文章建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱/电子捕获(GC/ECD)分析水体中有机氯农药的方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市燕山石油化工有限公司五个典型企业排放废水中有机氯农药的浓度,发现存在六六六(HCHs),滴滴涕(DDT)等有机氯污染物,在5个采样点的水样中有机氯农药的浓度为(0.76～14.8)ng/L,其中六六六、滴滴涕的含量分别为(0.76～10.5)ng/L和(4.89～14.8)ng/L.方法对有机氯农药的空白加标回收率达到74.6%～118.4%,方法检测限为(0.27～2.90)ng/L.     

湖南东部地区稻田土壤中有机氯农药残留及分布

2006年3月,在湖南省东部7个地区的城市近郊和工业区附近稻田中多点采集土壤样品,参照EPA8081A标准方法对样品进行处理和分析,以研究20种有机氯农药残留及分布状况.结果表明:稻田土壤中残留的有机氯农药主要为六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)类,共占有机氯农药残留总量的84.6%,2种污染物残留量均低于《食用农产品产地土壤环境质量指标》(HJ332-2006)限值,其中,w(HCHs)为1.7～25.3 μg/kg,平均值为18.2 μg/kg;w(DDTs)为10.5～40.4 μg/kg,平均值为23.8 μg/kg.残留水平较高的是β-HCH,DDT和DDE,w(β-HCH),w(DDT)和w(DDE)的平均值分别为12.9,11.4和9.8 μg/kg;其他13种农药也不同程度地被检出.同国内外其他地区同类农田土壤相比,该残留量处于中等水平,表明湖南东部地区稻田土壤中六六六和DDT的残留具有一定的生态风险.      

北京地区土壤中有机氯农药类POPs残留状况研究

2004年5—7月采集了北京地区115个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯、氯丹、滴滴涕(DDT,DDE和DDD)、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵的检出率及残留量.结果表明,北京土壤中六氯苯、滴滴涕的检出率很高,狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、灭蚁灵未检出.总有机氯农药类POPs物质质量分数平均值为77.7 μg/kg.其中滴滴涕占总有机氯农药类POPs物质的98.9%,是北京地区土壤中残留有机氯农药类POPs物质的主要成分,城市公园、园林土壤是城市滴滴涕的主要污染源.六氯苯是北京地区土壤中普遍存在的一类持久性有机污染物,但残留量很低.氯丹检出率和残留量均很低,六氯苯和氯丹没有对土壤质量造成危害.      

钦州湾沉积物有机氯农药赋存特征与生态风险

利用GC-ECD测定了钦州湾沉积物中17种有机氯农药的含量,并对其组分分布和来源进行了分析。结果表明,样品中有机氯农药的总量为1.50～129ng/g,滴滴涕(DDTs)浓度为0.59～126ng/g,六六六(HCHs)的浓度为nd～2.65ng/g。有机氯农药的分布特征为茅尾海>钦州外湾,茅尾海东岸>西岸。组分分布特征分析显示,DDTs主要来自于历史积累,林丹在某些采样区域内有近期输入。与国内外不同地区沉积物中有机氯农药残留相比,钦州湾沉积物中有机氯农药污染处于低到中等水平。以沉积物生态风险评估值为基准的分析表明,研究区内DDT含量存在较大的生态风险。     

石油化工行业废水中有机氯农药残留分析

文章建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱，电子捕获（GC/ECD）分析水体中有机氯农药的方法．并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价，同时分析了北京市燕山石油化工有限公司五个典型企业排放废水中有机氯农药的浓度，发现存在六六六（HCHs）。滴滴涕（DDT）等有机氯污染物，在5个采样点的水样中有机氯农药的浓度为（0．76-14．S）ng／L。其中六六六、滴滴涕的含量分别为（0．76～10．5）ng/L和（4．89-14．8）ng/L。方法对有机氯农药的空白加标回收率达到74．6％-118．4％。方法检测限为（0．27～2．90）ng/L。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.