海泡石颗粒的制备及其吸附油烟效能的研究

用X射线衍射分析了原海泡石矿的纯度,根据原海泡石特性提出“分散-提纯-活化-成型”的制备海泡石颗粒的工艺流程。用所制得的粒径为1.8海泡石颗粒进行油烟吸附实验,分析了海泡石吸附油烟的容量,绘出吸附穿透曲线,并提出海泡石吸附剂再生的方法,同时将海泡石与活性炭吸附油烟的效率做了对比实验。实验结果表明:海泡石成本低,油烟去除率高,是一种理想的油烟净化剂。     

铁改性海泡石对水中有害阴离子的吸附

海泡石经Ｆｅ＾３＋改性后，吸附阴离子的能力大幅度提高，可有效地吸附去除水中的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）、Ａｓ（Ⅴ）离子，Ｆｅ＾３＋改性时的ｐＨ条件和Ｆｅ＾３＋的用量对改性海泡石的吸附能力有明显影响。ｐＨ＝１．４￣１．５，饱和吸附Ｆｅ＾３＋的改性海泡石对Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）、Ａｓ（Ⅴ）离子具有最强的吸附能力。     

巯基改性海泡石吸附水中的Hg(Ⅱ)

为发展高效低廉的重金属废水处理技术、促进海泡石的资源化利用,利用巯基乙酸改性天然海泡石,并对改性材料进行扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、比表面、Zeta电位和红外光谱分析;采用静态吸附实验,研究了改性海泡石对水中Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学和热力学特征.结果表明,通过有机改性向海泡石中引入了巯基,改性海泡石的表面变得更加光滑,空隙增多,且带有更多的负电荷,有利于提高其对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附能力.改性海泡石吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)的最佳p H为6,30℃时可在60 min内达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合假二级动力学方程,初始吸附速率常数为0.063 mg·(g·min)~(-1);吸附热力学特征可以用Langmuir等温吸附模型很好地描述,改性海泡石对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量为3.256 mg·g~(-1);该吸附过程为自发进行的吸热过程,是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果,但以物理吸附为主.     

酸热活化、有机化、柱撑改性海泡石对土壤中钒的吸附固定

采用酸热活化、巯基有机化、羟基铁铝柱撑3种方法对天然海泡石进行改性,研究不同改性方法对海泡石结构及比表面积的影响,并将其作为吸附剂加入土壤,采用批量吸附试验考察吸附剂添加量、吸附时间、初始钒V（Ⅴ）离子浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,探究添加改性海泡石的土壤对V（Ⅴ）的吸附效果及机理。研究结果表明:改性后海泡石比表面积增大,部分结构发生改变,吸附能力增强;添加羟基铁铝柱撑、酸热活化、巯基有机化改性海泡石的土壤对V（Ⅴ）的最大吸附量分别为2159.71,1619.57,936.57 mg/kg;吸附方式为单分子层物理吸附;解吸试验表明,添加羟基有机化改性海泡石的土壤解吸率最高,酸热活化和羟基铁铝柱撑海泡石次之。添加柱撑及酸热活化海泡石的土壤对V的吸附效果较好,用量5%时对V（Ⅴ）的固化率分别为30.24%、22.67%,但柱撑海泡石的稳定性仍有待提升。     

改性海泡石除磷剂除磷过程热力学的研究

通过研究改性海泡石对磷的吸附性能,确定了除磷剂用量、温度、含磷废水流量、添加剂等因素对改性海泡石磷吸附热力学平衡的影响.研究结果表明:改性海泡石除磷剂对废水中PO43-离子的吸附容量随除磷剂质量的增加而减小;去除率随除磷剂用量的增加而增大;提高酸改性温度有利于复合除磷剂对磷的吸附;除磷剂的吸附量随海泡石焙烧温度的提高而...     

酸和热处理对海泡石结构及吸附Pb2+、 Cd2+性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱及比表面积分析等研究了酸和热处理对天然海泡石结构的影响,并考察不同处理后的海泡石样品吸附重金属Pb2+、Cd2+性能.结果表明,海泡石比表面积均随盐酸浓度、处理时间的增加而略有增大,而结构无明显变化,0.5 mol·L-1 HCl处理时,天然海泡石中的CaCO3未能被完全去除,6.0 mol·L-1 HCl处理72 h时,海泡石比表面积达到最大301.47 m2·g-1.盐酸热处理并不能提高海泡石的比表面积,也不会使海泡石结构产生明显变化.不同类型酸处理对海泡石比表面积提高顺序依次为:HCl>HNO3>H2SO4;海泡石经焙烧后比表面积迅速下降,由100℃的21.44 m2·g-1下降到900℃的0.17 m2·g-1.重金属吸附实验表明,盐酸处理浓度和时间对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能无明显影响;不同酸处理对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能存在一定影响,H2SO4处理后海泡石对Pb2+、Cd2+离子吸附量明显高于HCl和HNO3处理.海泡石焙烧处理后对Pb2+离子吸附量无明显影响,但对Cd2+离子吸附量在焙烧700℃以上时增加明显.     

有机污染物在海泡石矿物的界面吸附与降解研究进展

海泡石是一种典型的纤维状富镁硅酸盐粘土矿,广泛地应用于土壤污染治理、空气净化和水体污染物吸附等领域,然而海泡石表面Si-OH反应活性尤其是与有机污染物的反应机制尚未有清楚的认识。本文综述了海泡石对水体环境中有机污染物的界面吸附与降解研究进展,首先介绍了海泡石对有机染料、有机农药、药物和个人护理品等有机污染物的界面吸附情况,然后探讨了海泡石在深度氧化技术中通过界面吸附或者助催化协同作用提高了有机污染物去除效率的研究进展,最后指出了海泡石在有机污染物去除领域中未来的发展方向,特别是对海泡石Si-OH在深度氧化技术中的应用前景进行了分析。本文试图为海泡石矿物治理有机废水方面的拓展研究与应用提供指导。     

海泡石复合吸附剂研制及处理染料废水性能研究

采用Fe3+和Al3+对海泡石原矿进行改性,制得高效Fe-海泡石和Al-海泡石复合吸附剂,研究了复合吸附剂对活性艳兰模拟染料废水的吸附性能。吸附处理60min模拟废水脱色率达99%;吸附容量最高可达58.44mg/g,与同条件下的活性炭及海泡石原矿相比,最高吸附容量分别提高了3～4倍和9～10倍。     

水化学条件对海泡石吸附重金属镍(Ni2+)离子的影响及其机制研究

本论文用静态实验法研究了重金属镍(Ni2+)离子在海泡石上的吸附行为和机理,考察了平衡时间、pH值、离子强度、腐殖酸、背景电解质阴、阳离子等水化学条件对吸附作用的影响.结果发现:Ni(Ⅱ)在海泡石上的吸附在很短的时间里就可以达到平衡.Ni(Ⅱ)在海泡石上的吸附受体系pH值和离子强度影响很大,在酸性条件下,主要吸附机理是外层络合和离子交换,而在碱性条件下,主要的吸附机理是内层络合.背景电解质阴、阳离子对Ni(Ⅱ)在海泡石上的吸附有一定的促进或抑制作用.在低pH值下,腐殖酸在海泡石上吸附后形成了新的表面络合物而增强Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附,而在高pH值的条件下,腐殖酸存在于吸附体系时,Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附量明显小于Ni(Ⅱ)/海泡石吸附体系.本为的研究结果为环境中重金属离子和放射性核素的危害评估和有效治理提供了很好的参考.     

活化海泡石对苯酚的吸附研究

海泡石经酸活化,在300℃焙烧,比表面积增加,吸附效果明显增强。通过实验,研究了焙烧温度、溶液pH值以及不同活化酸对吸附效果的影响。同时研究了活化海泡石对苯酚吸附动力学特性,及其脱附再生性能。并与活性炭对苯酚的吸附效果进行了比较,虽然其吸附性能较差,但具有良好的脱附再生性能,并且再生方法简单,在含酚废水的处理方面,海泡石可以作为一种新型的廉价的吸附剂。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.