美国实行净化法令

一九七○年尼克松总统建立了美国环境保护局(EPA)。这个新机构是将先前分散的各个政府部门的15个环境規划单位合并而成。国会要求它保护国家的土地、空气和水体等体系。差不多十年以后,这个机构是美国现在最大的制定规章的机构之一。它是在一九七九     

新报告确认TMDL计划的研究需要

最大日负荷(TMDL)计划是美国环境保护局(EPA)改善区域水质的一项重要计划.为进一步加强实施该计划的科学基础,EPA于2002年8月发表一份报告题为“科学研究如何改进TMDL计划—20项研究需要”,旨在使有关方面就此达成共识.在编写该报告时,EPA使用了不同来源的信息,包括全国研究委员会(NRC)提交国会的TMDL报告, 1998TMDL联邦咨询委员会报告,EPA在2000年制定的TMDL技术支持战略初稿和2001年TMDL科学会议. 20项研究需要分为3个范畴,EPA各机构研究间的关系;TMDL发展和实施中的紧迫问题;清洁水法关于受污染水体计划的更广泛内容.…     

美国2006～2011年水环境保护战略规划及启示

2006年美国EPA向国会提交了《2006～2011年环境保护战略规划》。其战略目标之二为"清洁安全的水",主要涉及了保障用水安全、保护水质、加强科学研究三大目标。其中,保障用水安全包括了饮用水安全、鱼类和贝类食用安全、游泳安全三个子目标;保护水质领域包括了改善流域水质和改善沿海、海洋水质两个子目标。围绕这些目标提出了具体战略指标和相应的实施措施,为实现"清洁安全的水"目标提供了有力保障。其规划编制思路和规划重点任务值得我国借鉴。     

制鞋工业区环境空气中BTEX污染特征及健康风险评价

研究制鞋工业区空气中BTEX的污染特征以及健康风险评价。于2012年10月份,对某制鞋工业区周围环境空气中的BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、间对二甲苯及邻二甲苯)浓度进行监测,应用美国环境保护署(EPA)健康风险评价的方法对空气中苯的人群癌症风险以及非致癌风险进行评价。结果显示,该制鞋工业区空气中BTEX的质量浓度呈现明显的一次污染物日变化特征,即早晚较高,中午较低。BTEX对人体的非致癌风险危害商值在0.01~0.80之间,危害指数为0.95,对暴露人群存在潜在的非致癌风险;而苯的癌症风险值为1.90×10-4,超出了美国EPA制定的1.0×10-6的安全限值,对周围居民存在较大的致癌风险。     

走进国际生态学校

国际生态学校项目（Eco-Schools Programme）开始于1 994年,是国际环境教育基金会（FEE）在全球开展的五个环境教育项目之一,是当今世界上面向青少年的最大的环境教育项目.项目旨在帮助学校改善当地环境,节约资源并减少碳足迹,鼓励青少年为应对气候变化和促进可持续发展做出自己的贡献.为帮助中小学校和幼儿园更好地开展环境与可持续发展教育,该项目提出了创建国际生态学校的＂七步法＂,即建立生态学校委员会、开展环境评审、制定行动计划、监测和评估、与课程建立联系、社会宣传和参与以及制定生态规章.     

美国环境保护局巨额资金资助细颗粒健康影响研究

2004 年 7 月 29 日美国环境保护局(EPA)宣布资助华盛顿大学 3000 万美元,用以研究空气污染和心血管疾病的关系,特别是长期暴露于细颗粒物与动脉硬化和其他心血管疾病的联系.这是 EPA 有史以来最大一笔科研资助经费. EPA 局长 Mike Leavitt 说:“总统正制定一项大幅改善美国     

某型号推进环境适应性设计工作中的五项措施及其分析

详细描述和分析了某型号产品研制阶段为推行环境适应性设计工作所采取的5项措施,包括制定和下发环境适应性设计程序和方案文件、开展环境适应性设计报告审查、制定环境适应性设计指南、组织和推动研制阶段的环境适应性试验以及开展环境适应性设计符合性分析评估等.实践证明,通过这些措施的落实,使得环境适应性设计工作真正融入到成品的设计工作中.     

国内外环境科技信息

美国环境保护局列出不健康空气地区美国环境保护局(EPA)最近宣布,有约9500万美国人生活在空气不太好的地区,这是指那里空气中的细颗粒(PM2.5)达不到EPA规定的健康标准.这些地区分布在加利福尼亚、美国东北部、中西部、南部和哥伦比亚特区.EPA认为,粒径小于2.5μm的细颗粒与呼吸     

借鉴美国经验探析空气有毒物质风险与管理

分析美国在空气有毒物质防治上的战略要点、风险管理模式,得出美国主要通过发展技术、多元共治、加强风险评估和宣传、建立信息共享平台等措施实现空气质量改善.提出我国要以《大气污染防治法》修订为契机,加强环境与健康风险评估,做好挥发性有毒物质的标准制定与管控工作,强化大气污染管理体制机制等建议.     

化学废液的转运——公路、铁路、水路运输

一、引言 1984年12月6日、欧州共同体委员会正式通过有关在共同体范围内监督和控制有毒废液装船转运的规章。该规章已于1985年10月1日生效。 《经济合作与发展》组织制定的关于该组织成员国之间转运有毒废液的国际协议,将于今年年底前定稿。 联合国环境规划署以及其他国际性研究所也就环境而言提出了或正在制定有关国家间废液转运的试探性的管理建议。     

On the use of expert judgment to characterize uncertainties in the health benefits of regulatory controls of particulate matter

Health benefits assessment is an analytic tool used extensively by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in characterizing the costs and benefits of air quality regulations. In a 2002 review of EPA methods, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) called on EPA to more fully account for and communicate uncertainties in estimates of the health benefits of air pollution regulations. In particular, the NRC recommended that EPA use expert judgment to quantify uncertainties in cases where empirical estimates are lacking. In response, EPA developed and carried out an expert elicitation (EE) study to quantify uncertainties in the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on mortality in the U.S. This work has yielded new estimates of the uncertainty distribution of a key relationship – the concentration–response (C–R) function – used around the world in benefits analyses for air quality regulations. This paper discusses the ways in which the EE results have informed and influenced recent regulatory impact analyses (RIAs) carried out by EPA to characterize and communicate the health benefits of regulations affecting ambient PM_2.5 concentrations. Given the growing importance of PM benefits analysis across the globe, recent developments pioneered by EPA could have widespread relevance.     

Market-based approaches and tools for improving water and air quality

Nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture are negatively impacting groundwater, air, and surface water quality. National, state, and local policies and procedures that can mitigate these problems are needed. Market-based approaches where waste treatment plants (point sources) can purchase nutrient credits from upstream agricultural operations (non-point sources) to meet their National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit requirements within the Clean Water Act are being explored. This paper reviews these market-based approaches for enhancing air and water quality at a lower cost than simple command-and-control regulation, and describes new tools that are being developed, such as Nitrogen Trading Tool (NTT), that can be used to assess nitrogen losses to the environment under different management scenarios. The USDA-NRCS, EPA and several other state and local agencies are interested in these new tools. The NTT, though primarily designed for water quality markets, also estimates savings in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions that can be traded in carbon markets. For example, an analysis using NTT shows that for 100 ha of crop land, a C sequestration equivalent of approximately 25–38 Mg C y^?1 for a farm in Ohio, and 13–21 Mg C y^?1 for a farm in Virginia could be achieved with better nitrogen management practices. These numbers across a watershed could be much larger with improved N and conservation management practices that contribute to better water quality and lower global warming potential. There is a need to further develop, calibrate, and validate these tools to facilitate nitrogen and carbon trading future markets around the globe to increase environmental conservation across agro-ecosystems worldwide.     

Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: overview and research needs

Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), the EPA is responsible for protecting the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters. Toxic contaminants in bottom sediments of the nation’s lakes, rivers, wetlands and coastal water create the potential for continued environmental degradation, even where water column contaminant levels comply with established water quality criteria. In response, EPA has developed an Agency-wide Contaminated Sediment Strategy to address the problem of contaminated sediments. One key feature of this strategy is the development of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). SQGs would be used to assess the extent of sediment contamination, or to implement measures designed to limit or prevent additional contamination. A number of specific technical approaches for the development of SQGs that are based on theoretical and empirical foundations have been proposed, including effects-based correlative approaches, equilibrium partitioning, and consensus using a combination of approaches. While each have their own advantages and limitations, any SQG must consider the bio-availability of contaminants in the sediment and the ecological realism associated with the implementation. Therefore, it is clear that the implementation of any SQG will incorporate biological testing. Based on the current state of the science, EPA will likely proceed with the establishment of formal SQGs which will rely heavily on the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach. There are a number of significant research needs that will need to be addressed as the EqP approach is implemented, including sediment quality modeling, sediment toxicity identification evaluations, studies that address bio-availability, studies that address the relative importance of exposure via sediment ingestion or ingestion of contaminated benthos, toxicological demonstrations of applicability of any SQGs, field verification, extension of the non-ionic mixture models to non-PAH compounds, and the establishment of toxicological databases (with benthic organisms) for standard toxicity endpoints.     

经济开放区大气环境容量规划研究——以东莞市为例

本文探讨了沿海经济开放区大气环境容量和规划研究的方法。在大气污染源调查、污染物监测、污染气象特征分析、区域容量计算、污染控制规划和大气排污许可证制度的实施等方面作了调查研究。并通过实例研究为东莞市大气环境管理提供了行之有效的对策和建议。      

Potential impacts of 316(b) regulatory controls: on economics,electricity reliability,and the environment

Nearly half of the utility-owned steam electric generating capacity in the United States is cooled by once-through cooling systems. These plants withdraw cooling water primarily from surface water bodies. Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act requires that the location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology available (BTA) for minimizing adverse environmental impacts. At present, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not yet promulgated implementing regulations governing intake structures; however, the agency is required by a Consent Decree to develop such regulations. EPA has introduced several draft tiered regulatory framework approaches that, depending on site-specific factors, may impose various regulatory burdens on affected utilities. Potential new requirements could range from compiling and submitting existing data to demonstrate that existing conditions at each unit represent BTA to retrofitting plants with closed-cycle cooling systems (primarily cooling towers). If the final regulations require installation of cooling towers or implementation of other costly plant modifications, utilities may elect to close some generating units rather than invest the funds necessary to upgrade them to meet the Section 316(b) requirements. Potentially, some regions of the country may then have a higher proportion of closed units than others. This may raise concerns over the reliability of electricity supply in those regions. If a significant number of plants are converted from once-through cooling systems to cooling towers, the environment will face secondary adverse impacts, such as additional fuel usage, air emissions, and water evaporation, and utilities will need to construct additional generating capacity. This paper describes a study that Argonne National Laboratory had proposed to conduct for the US Department of Energy to explore some of the potential outcomes of EPA’s Section 316(b) regulatory process and associated effects on economics, electricity supply reliability, and the environment.     

基于AERMOD模式的大气扩散参数方案比较研究

在美国法规空气质量模式AERMOD的框架下,比较了4种已被广泛应用的扩散参数化方案(基于边界层微气象要素的AERMOD湍流参数化方案,基于湍流观测资料和扩散函数的Tub-Obs方案,Briggs参数化方案,NEPA方案).分析了不同稳定度、不同扩散参数方案下的污染物SO2地表浓度差别.总体来说,在中性和不稳定条件下,4种方案模拟结果的差别不大;在稳定条件下, AERMOD方案的地面浓度明显低于Briggs和NEPA方案,可能是由于AERMOD方案不能很好地识别局地湍流的贡献.     

西安市二氧化硫减排与环境空气质量相关性分析

历年环境统计数据和环境监测数据表明,2006年以来西安市二氧化硫排放量大幅下降,空气中二氧化硫浓度也呈下降趋势,空气质量有所改善,但由于减排措施实施的区域和力度的差异,不同典型监测点位二氧化硫浓度变化情况不尽相同,与我国北方其他省会城市相比,二氧化硫排放量虽然降幅较大,但城市空气中二氧化硫浓度降幅偏小,且工业减排量占总减排量的比例相对较小,因此,今后应高度关注二氧化硫减排工作中存在的问题,不断完善环境管理,多渠道多途径全面提升城市环境空气质量。     

基于CMAQ的大气环境容量计算方法及控制策略

利用空气质量模型CMAQ建立了真实条件下基于不同达标率的大气环境容量计算方法,为大气环境质量管理提供了科学依据。采用CMAQ建立研究区域的空气质量模型系统,设置多层嵌套网格(最小网格分辨率3km),获得了2006年1月、4月、7月、10月(四季代表月)的小时污染物浓度值。通过调整研究区域的污染源排放量,并结合空气质量监测数据和环境空气质量标准,建立了不同污染物的达标率与环境容量关系曲线。研究证明,该方法可以确定可吸入颗粒污染物、二氧化硫和二氧化氮在不同达标率下的大气环境容量,并充分反映三种污染物环境容量的季节性变化特征。研究结果不仅有利于环境管理者制定针对研究区域的空气总量控制方案,还有助于构想基于季节性变化的污染控制策略。     

全面小康社会环境指标初步研究

从全面小康社会对环境质量的需求分析入手,提出全面小康社会环境指标应该针对典型环境要素的质量状况设置代表性指标.就综合性、简明性、可计量性、公平性、衔接性等对现有常用指标进行了评价,结合社会发展和环境演变趋势,针对"水、大气、土壤、生态"四大环境要素,分别选取"环境空气质量在二级以上区域的人口比例"、"国控断面水环境功能区达标率"、"植被覆盖率"、"农业用地土壤环境质量达国家二级标准的比例"等指标,作为全面小康社会环境指标的初步方案.      

区域环境空气质量评价体系的探讨

环境质量作为影响经济发展的重要因素,随着经济的发展,受到人们越来越多的关注;而环境质量评价是对环境质量的好坏做出定量的或半定量分析、描绘或鉴定,因此,对环境质量的综合评价极其重要,环境空气质量是环境质量中不可获缺的一部分。为了对环境空气质量状况的了解更直观,且便于区域间进行环境空气质量的横向比较,本文建立了能反映区域环境空气质量水平的评价体系,并提出了评分方法。