碳纤维增强复合材料的中低应变率力学性能试验研究

目的研究碳纤维增强复合材料的中低应变率力学性能。方法利用电子万能试验机和高速液压伺服材料试验机对[(±45°)]4s和[(±45°)]8两种铺层碳纤维增强复合材料进行常温下准静态和中低应变率力学性能试验,得到不同应变率下的应力应变曲线和失效参数。结果在应变率6.7×10-4~500 s-1范围内,两种铺层材料均具有明显的应变率强化效应,材料失效应力随应变率的提高而增大。两种铺层材料均发生纤维断裂失效和局部的分层失效,但[(±45°)]4s铺层发生燕尾形失效,[(±45°)]8铺层发生剪切失效。结论获得了碳纤维增强复合材料在不同应变率下的力学性能参数,可为复合材料飞机结构的抗冲击设计和仿真分析提供准确的材料参数。     

温度对奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响

通过不同温度条件下的慢应变速率拉伸试验,研究了煤制氢装置黑水介质条件下应力腐蚀开裂敏感性随温度的变化规律,结果表明随着温度升高应力腐蚀敏感性增加,在130℃附近应力腐蚀敏感性发生急剧变化。     

基于数字图像相关方法的石墨高温杨氏模量测试

目的为了得到石墨在高温环境下的杨氏模量,为飞行器热防护系统和高温热结构的设计提供可靠的技术保障。方法基于数字图像相关(DIC)方法和通电电阻加热技术,建立一套测量材料在高温环境下力学性能的测试系统。利用该系统,测量高温下石墨试样的表面应变场和应力-应变曲线,计算相应温度下的杨氏模量。在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计的方法同时测量超高温陶瓷试件的拉伸应变数据,并进行比较验证。结果在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计方法测得超高温陶瓷的应变-时间曲线吻合良好,方差为1.3×10-7。1200~1900℃高温环境下,石墨的杨氏模量随温度的升高呈线性增长趋势。结论采用基于DIC方法准确有效,该方法可方便快速地实现对石墨材料在高温环境下杨氏模量的测量。另外,该方法也可应用于其他导电材料杨氏模量的测试。     

菌体-生物C-磁性C复合材料吸附Cu2+的特性研究

为了探究菌体-炭复合材料对废水中Cu~(2+)的吸附性能,文章将生物炭(B)以共沉淀法制得磁化生物炭(MB),并将不同质量啤酒酵母菌(S)(0、10、20、40 g)分别负载于B和MB表面,形成了B+S_0(生物炭+0 g啤酒酵母菌,下同)、B+S_(10)、B+S_(20)、B+S_(40)、MB+S_0(磁化生物炭+0 g啤酒酵母菌,下同)、MB+S10、MB+S20和MB+S408种混合材料。采用批处理法研究各复合材料对Cu~(2+)的等温吸附和热力学特征,并分析不同温度、pH值和离子强度下对Cu~(2+)吸附能力的影响。结果表明:(1)B+S和MB+S复合材料对Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量qm分别在248.67~292.70 mmol/kg和256.50~299.11 mmol/kg之间,且最大吸附量均表现为B/MB+S40B/MB+S0B/MB+S20B/MB+S10的趋势。(2)温度为10~40℃范围时,各复合材料对Cu~(2+)吸附量均随温度升高而增大,表现为增温效应。吸附过程均为自发、吸热和熵增的过程,且自发性和温度成正比。(3)在pH为3~5的范围内,B+S、MB+S材料对Cu~(2+)的吸附量均随pH的升高而增加;离子强度在0.01~0.5 mol/L范围内,2类复合材料对Cu~(2+)吸附量随着离子强度的增加均呈现先增加后减小的趋势。     

数字图像相关技术在高温热膨胀系数测量中的应用

目的测量热结构材料在高温环境下的热膨胀系数,方法将数字图像相关(DIC)技术和通电加热技术相结合,建立高温热变形测量系统。该系统使用CCD相机采集不同温度下试样的表面图像,经DIC方法分析处理得到被测材料随温度升高产生的变形和应变,进一步计算得到相应温度下的热膨胀系数。测量紫铜、石墨分别在600~800℃,600~1200℃范围内的热膨胀系数,并与文献数据进行比较。结果使用该实验系统测量得到了紫铜和石墨分别在600~800℃,600~1200℃范围内的热膨胀系数,与文献参考值吻合较好。结论该测量方法可精确得到导电材料的热应变及热膨胀系数,测量温度上限可达1200℃。     

PI纤维在空间带电粒子辐照下的力学性能损伤

目的研究聚酰亚胺(PI)纤维在电子辐照、质子辐照、应力耦合质子辐照条件下力学性能的损伤行为。方法采用中国科学院长春应用化学研究所自主合成并纺丝制备的聚酰亚胺纤维,在空间环境模拟设备辐照的条件下,研究空间带电粒子对聚酰亚胺纤维辐照后的力学损伤行为,并通过XQ-1型纤维强度仪对辐照前后的样品进行拉伸试验。结果在低能电子辐照条件下,聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸强度、模量和断裂伸长率均有所降低,但变化不太显著;高能电子辐照会提高材料的模量;质子辐照后,材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随着辐照注量的增加明显降低;单一施加5%的应变会使聚酰亚胺纤维的拉伸力学性能有一定量下降。与单一应变样品相比,应力耦合质子辐照样品的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率进一步下降,但是与单一质子辐照样品相比,应力耦合辐照样品的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都更高。结论无论是在低能电子辐照条件下,还是在高能电子辐照条件下,电子辐照对聚酰亚胺纤维力学性能影响均较微弱,而质子辐照会较大程度地降低材料的力学性能,增加应力耦合效应之后,质子辐照对材料的力学性能影响减弱。     

不同气氛下蜈蚣草热处理过程中砷的迁移规律

蜈蚣草是砷(As)的高富集植物,为研究在不同气氛下蜈蚣草热处理过程中As的迁移规律,利用管式炉在不同气氛(空气、N_2、CO_2)下对蜈蚣草进行热处理,实验发现:当温度在400~800℃之间时,3种气氛下蜈蚣草热处理过程中As的挥发率均随温度的升高先增加后减小,空气气氛下在500℃达到最高,占总含量的43%,N_2、CO_2气氛下,在600℃达到最高,占总含量的60%.As挥发率先随温度升高而增加是甶于低温区无机As的挥发,之后下降可能是甶于蜈蚣草中碱金属和碱土金属元素对As的固定作用.当温度高于800℃时,空气气氛下As的挥发率继续下降,而N_2和CO_2气氛下As挥发率迅速升高到90%,可能是甶还原性气氛中As化合物的稳定性下降造成的.FactSage软件模拟结果表明,随着温度的升高,蜈蚣草中As在空气气氛下主要以Ca_3(AsO_4)_2的形式存在,而在CO_2和N_2气氛下,主要存在的形式分别为As单质和AsN.模拟As形态的转化趋势能很好的验证真实的实验结果.     

固体装药头部人工脱粘层应力应变仿真分析

目的研究固体发动机药柱头部人工脱粘层在50,20,-40℃等3种温度下的应力应变。方法基于线性粘弹性有限元方法,利用ABAQUS分析软件对药柱应力应变进行仿真。结果得到了人工脱粘层在3种温度条件下的Mises和最大主应力应变云图,及Ⅰ,Ⅱ界面轴向、周向和径向的应力应变对比曲线。结论最大应力应变出现在人工脱粘层根部,应力与环境温度的变化成线性关系,温度变化对Ⅰ界面上脱粘层轴向应变、Ⅱ界面上径向应变影响最大。     

废旧光盘回收聚碳酸酯工艺优化

针对废旧光盘的化学法处理,在化学洗脱最佳实验条件的基础上重点研究1,2-二氯乙烷-乙醇溶解反沉淀最佳实验条件(温度、搅拌速率)以及1,2-二氯乙烷乙醇混合液加水分离时最佳加水量,随后在聚碳酸酯粗颗粒中加入抗坏血酸(抗氧化剂)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(增塑剂)进行手动捏合,并且测试了聚碳酸酯颗粒的热稳定性和阻尼性能。实验表明:溶解-反沉淀时最佳反应温度是50℃,搅拌速率是80 r/min,聚碳酸酯粗颗粒的回收率可达到94%以上。混合液分离时加水量最好是70%,1,2-二氯乙烷回收率达到58%。对处理过程中产生的废水测定了COD、总磷、氨氮,混合液分离2次后,COD明显降低。聚碳酸酯粗颗粒、抗坏血酸和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯配比为6∶1∶6时捏合效果比较好,能够捏合出理想的形状。在加入抗氧化剂、增塑剂后,高温下聚碳酸酯的热稳定性更好。回收的聚碳酸酯适合用作阻尼材料,而且阻尼性能偏好。     

新OG系统旋流脱水器气液分离特性数值研究

根据旋流脱水器的内部流动特性,基于欧拉-拉格朗日方法,对旋流脱水器内部气液两相流动进行了数值计算和分析,研究了液滴直径、进口质量含气率和湍流扩散效应对流场分布、脱水效率、出口质量含气率和出口液滴粒度分布的影响.结果表明：当质量流量一定时,旋流脱水器进出口压降随着进口质量含气率的增加而显著提高.对于单一直径的液滴,在不考虑湍流扩散效应的情况下,脱水效率随进口质量含气率的增加而增加.当考虑湍流扩散效应时,对于直径较小的液滴（0.1~1μm）,这种规律刚好是相反的,连续相速度的增加提升了湍流扩散速度,使湍流运动更加紊乱,但脱水效率高于不考虑湍流扩散效应时的计算结果.在混合粒径条件下,随着进口质量含气率的增加,脱水效率和出口质量含气率增加,计算表明湍流扩散效应有利于混合直径液滴的分离.随着进口质量含气率的增加,液滴质量分数的峰值逐渐向小粒径方向移动,粒径分布范围逐渐减小.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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