炼铁高炉共处置危险废物过程中Zn、Cd的挥发特性

为探究炼铁高炉共处置危险废物过程中重金属Zn、Cd的挥发特性,选择ZnCl2、CdCl2×2.5H2O来模拟危险废物中的重金属,开展了ZnCl2、CdCl2×2.5H2O与高炉炼铁原料混合后的共处置煅烧实验,分析了共处置煅烧时挥发烟气及煅烧产物中重金属Zn、Cd的总量.结果表明,Zn、Cd的挥发特性相似,在煅烧初期,二者的挥发率都是随着时间的增加而逐渐增大,当煅烧超过一定时间后,挥发率趋于稳定.在1400℃条件下煅烧60min后,Zn、Cd的挥发率分别为93.55%、99.96%.对Zn、Cd的挥发规律进行了动力学模拟,得出其挥发反应表观活化能E分别为59.37,49.68kJ/mol,挥发的动力学方程则分别为α=f(T,t)=1-exp(-13.60exp(-7141/T)t)、α=f(T,t)=1-exp(-8.64exp(-5975/T)t).     

锅炉协同处置危险废物过程中Pb和Cd的挥发特性

为研究危险废物在锅炉协同处置过程中Pb和Cd的挥发特性,通过共燃烧和消解试验,研究了不同化合物形态下Pb、Cd的挥发率(α)、残留率(r)和表观活化能(E). 结果表明:以硫化物、氯化物、硫酸盐和氧化物存在的Pb、Cd的挥发率与温度(T)和停留时间(t)均呈正相关. 当温度低于950 ℃、停留时间为52 min时,不同化合物形态的Pb、Cd挥发率相差较大,PbCl₂在800 ℃下挥发率接近64%,而PbO仅为17%;温度高于1 250 ℃、停留时间为52 min时,不同化合物形态下的Pb、Cd挥发率均大于95%,接近于完全挥发;1 400 ℃时,不同化合物形态的Pb、Cd在燃烧残渣中的残留率均低于0.3%. 结合化学反应动力学理论,对Pb、Cd在锅炉协同处置过程中的挥发特性进行动力学模拟,得到PbS、PbCl₂、PbSO₄、PbO 中Pb的表观活化能分别为23.64、18.44、65.79、61.35 kJ/mol,CdS、CdCl₂、CdSO₄、CdO中Cd的表观活化能分别为53.22、20.87、42.42、28.75 kJ/mol. 由表观活化能数据可以得出不同形态化合物的Pb、Cd挥发率随温度和停留时间变化的动力学方程α=f(T,t),并可预测锅炉协同处置危险废物过程中Pb和Cd的挥发率,确定适合锅炉协同处置的危险废物类别.      

水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对重金属的固定效果比较

危险废物水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化,稳定化对废物中重金属的固定机理不同,固定效果因而有所差异.针对含As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属离子的上述2类试样平行开展浸出实验及连续提取实验,以重金属浸出浓度及化学形态为指标,比较分析了水泥窑协同处置与水泥固化/稳定化对废物中不同重金属的固定效果的差异.结果表明,对于As、Pb、Zn等重金属离子,水泥窑高温煅烧及后续水化作用有助于其更稳定化学形态的形成,固定效果优于水泥固化,稳定化,说明含Ag、Pb、Zn的危险废物能够在水泥窑得到有效处置.Cr3 在水泥窑煅烧过程中易被氧化为迁移性和毒性更强的Cr6 ,因而含Cr的废物不适合采用水泥窑协同处置方式.该研究能为不同种类重金属危险废物处置方法的选取提供依据,并为水泥窑协同处置重金属类危险废物的应用和发展提供科学的决策依据.     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物过程中铅-镉的挥发动力学研究

为了考察含重金属类危险废物在水泥窑协同处置过程中,铅、镉随时间和温度变化的挥发特性,本研究选择铅、镉两种重金属元素的氯化物和硫化物开展挥发动力学实验.通过热重实验、水泥熟料煅烧及熟料消解实验,得到了重金属挥发率随时间及温度的变化规律.结果表明,两种重金属元素的挥发率在实验温度区间内均随温度的升高、时间的增加而增大;根据等温动力学及阿累尼乌斯方程对Pb、Cd的挥发率随温度和时间变化的规律进行动力学模拟,得到了较好的线性拟合效果,并得出了以氯化物和硫化物形态存在的铅和镉元素在水泥窑协同处置过程中的动力学方程.本实验结果可为预测水泥窑协同处置过程中重金属的挥发量提供支持.     

有机危险废物在惰性气氛中热降解动力学特征

为研究有机危险废物在惰性或还原性高温工业窑炉(如炼铁高炉、炼焦炉、煤气化炉、煤液化炉等)中的协同处置效果,分别选择热稳定性在第1~2等级中的典型有机物——苯和氯乙烯,在氮气气氛高温管式炉进行热降解试验. 将定量的气态苯或氯乙烯分别与氮气混合后通入高温管式炉中,采用GC-MS检测煅烧后尾气中苯和氯乙烯的浓度,以分析其热降解特性. 结果表明:苯在500~1 100 ℃时热降解率(a)随温度(T)升高而快速增加,增幅达70%;在1 100 ℃以上时,苯热降解率缓慢增加,最终达到完全降解.氯乙烯在300~900 ℃时热降解率快速增加,增幅在55%左右,900 ℃以上热降解率增加缓慢直至完全降解.苯和氯乙烯的热降解率均随煅烧时间(t)增加而升高.苯和氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型分别为a=1-exp[-743.3exp(-12 930/T)t]和a=1-exp[-3.90exp(-4 307.8/T)t].通过苯的热降解动力学模型,可预测热稳定性高于氯乙烯的有机物的热降解率;而通过氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型,可预测比其热稳定性低的有机物的热降解率.      

水泥窑共处置过程中砷挥发特性及动力学研究

针对不同形态的含As化合物开展了热重实验、熟料煅烧以及熟料消解实验,研究了水泥窑共处置过程中砷在等温条件下随时间的挥发特性和可能的化学反应.结果表明,不同化学形态的砷挥发规律不尽相同,砷酸钠在水泥生产涉及的温度区间基本不挥发;硫化亚砷在水泥窑共处置的过程中,砷的挥发率随时间逐渐增大,25min以后基本不再挥发,低于1000℃时,砷的挥发率随温度的升高而增大,但高于1000℃时,挥发率随温度的增大而减小;亚砷酸钠在1000℃以上的挥发规律与硫化亚砷类似,挥发率随温度的升高而减小,25min以后基本不再挥发.硫化亚砷在1000℃以下煅烧时,挥发率随时间和温度变化的动力学方程为a =1-exp[-1.77exp(-3158/T)t],可以根据此方程计算不同温度和停留时间工况下砷挥发的理论值,进而控制含砷废物的投加量,避免对环境造成危害.     

水泥窑协同处置过程中重金属挥发流向规律模拟

采用自主研发的静态实验设备和小型水泥回转窑模拟装置,分别模拟静态和动态条件下生料中不同类型重金属在不同温度、反应时间下的挥发特性及流向规律。重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的挥发率均随着温度升高而逐渐升高,同温度下窑煅烧气氛下生料中Pb、Zn、Cd及As的挥发率均低于空气气氛下的挥发率;As挥发率随温度升高先逐渐升高后逐渐减少,重金属氯化物挥发率较高。添加重金属的生料粉在800℃以下的温度煅烧后,物料中主要的晶相为CaCO_3、SiO_2及金属氧化物,CaMg(CO_3)_2的衍射峰主要存在600℃以下。由800℃开始,CaCO_3发生分解,并出现CaO衍射峰;从1 000～1 400℃下,生料粉在重金属作用下逐渐生成较为复杂的化合物。在动态模拟条件下,熟料中As、Cd、Pb及Zn的平均固化率分别为85.48%、83.19%、84.49%、85.20%。绝大部分重金属均存在于熟料中,而挥发到大气中的重金属仅为0.002%～0.2%。     

硫化物对垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属挥发的影响

对某垃圾掺烧污泥焚烧厂焚烧飞灰进行了采样,在对飞灰进行热重(TG-DTG)分析基础上,重点研究了飞灰水洗前后及其添加不同硫化物(S、NaS、Na2SO3、Na2SO4)经高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)的挥发特性.结果表明,飞灰中重金属Zn、Pb含量较高,Ni的含量较低,而Cd含量达到29.4 mg·kg-1.飞灰水洗后Pb、Cu、Zn的含量均比原灰中高,而Cd的含量降低.飞灰TG-DTG曲线在579～732℃、949～1 200℃这2个温度范围失重率较大,拐点温度分别为690℃和1 154℃.焚烧飞灰中Pb表现出易挥发的特性,其挥发率超过80%,而Cu挥发性较小,其挥发率<30%.飞灰水洗后,重金属的挥发率有显著的降低,其中重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu.飞灰热处置过程中预先加入Na2SO3、Na2SO4后,重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)挥发率降低明显,而S的加入只能降低Zn的挥发率;Na2S加入后Cd、Zn挥发率下降.水洗飞灰添加Na2S后可降低4种重金属的挥发率,S及Na2SO3的加入分别降低了Cu和Zn的挥发率;4种硫化物的加入都可降低Cd的挥发率.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属的挥发及其氯转化特征

研究了垃圾与污泥掺烧后的焚烧飞灰在900℃、1 000℃高温处置过程中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)随不同停留时间的挥发特性,并研究了添加剂氯化物(CaCl2、MgCl2、NaCl、FeCl3、AlCl3)对重金属转化与挥发特性的影响.结果表明,没有添加氯化剂情况下,污泥焚烧飞灰中不同重金属的挥发特性有较大的差别,其中Pb的挥发率超过80%,而Cu的挥发率<30%,重金属的挥发性大小依次为:Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu.热处置过程中重金属的挥发率受温度的影响较大,而停留时间的延长对重金属挥发促进效果较小,并且易挥发元素Pb和Cd表现尤为明显.飞灰中添加氯化剂后,重金属的挥发性有显著的改变,并且难挥发元素Cu和Zn的挥发性增加较Pb和Cd显著.随着Cl含量的增加,重金属挥发率有增加的趋势,但不同种类的氯化物对重金属氯转化差异较大,其中NaCl对重金属Cd、Zn和Cu挥发特性的促进效果小于其它氯化剂.研究结果为飞灰最大限度无害化处理及资源化回收利用提供理论依据.     

两种硫杆菌对河涌底泥重金属的生物沥滤

自矿山酸性废水中分离纯化得到氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans , T.f)与氧化硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thiooxidans, T.t),利用这2 种硫杆菌对广州郭村河涌底泥中Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu 和Zn 6 种重金属进行序批式生物沥滤试验.结果表明,T.f 菌对重金属的浸出能力高于T.t 菌.对Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu 和Zn 的浸出率T.f 菌最高可达60%、45%、70%、90%和75%,T.t 菌则分别为45%、34%、50%、65%和55%.二者对Pb 的去除率相当,均在25%左右.向T.f 菌分别提供S 粉与Fe²⁺,2 种底物对Cd、Ni、Cu 和Zn 的浸出效果无明显影响,而对Cr和Pb 的浸出,投加S 粉的浸出效果更好.同时向T.f 菌投加S 粉与Fe²⁺ 2 种底物,其浸出效果反而下降.可能是T.f 菌代谢生成的SO₄^2-与Fe³⁺易生成黄铁矾等沉淀物质,与溶出的重金属发生共沉淀,从而降低其浸出效果.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.