穗花狐尾藻铅吸附特征与机理

为探讨沉水植物对低浓度重金属废水的吸附特征,研究了不同重金属质量浓度及pH影响下,穗花狐尾藻鲜样在单一、二元和三元金属离子体系中对Pb2+的生物吸附特征及吸附机理. 结果表明,在单一Pb2+体系中,穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的吸附能力随pH的升高而增强; 当初始ρ(Pb2+)为100mg/L、初始pH为6.5时,Pb2+吸附率可达80.95%. Cu2+和Zn2+的存在负向干扰穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的吸附; 当初始ρ(Cu2+)和ρ(Pb2+)均为250mg/L时,Cu2+干扰下Pb2+吸附量降低为单一体系中Pb2+吸附量的62.40%. Sips和Langmuir模型的拟合效果优于Freundlich模型. 根据Langmuir模型模拟,穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的理论最大吸附量(q_max)可达52.12mg/g. 红外光谱分析表明,—OH、—C=O、—COOH、C—O及C—H为主要作用基团. 吸附Pb2+后,溶液中矿质元素含量增加,ρ(Ca2+)和ρ(Mg2+)与初始ρ(Pb2+)达到极显著正相关(R_Ca2+=0.943,P<0.01;R_Mg2+=0.915,P<0.01). Pb2+更易与Ca2+和Mg2+产生离子交换而被吸附.      

氨氮与镉单一和复合作用对沉水植物穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻光合能力的影响

在水-土环境中,单一物质引起的污染很少,绝大多数污染是多种污染物质共存所造成的.利用碘量法测定溶解氧,研究了氨氮与镉单一和复合作用对沉水植物穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻光合能力的影响.结果显示,氨氮浓度在4.0 mg·L^-1时,对轮叶黑藻有较强的胁迫作用,表现为光合作用的产氧量与呼吸作用的耗氧量均下降,而此浓度对穗花狐尾藻没有表现出胁迫作用;当镉处理浓度为0.2 mg·L^-1时,镉对2种沉水植物都表现出明显的胁迫效应,且对轮叶黑藻的胁迫作用更强;当镉与氨氮复合作用时,对轮叶黑藻产生联合毒害作用,但对穗花狐尾藻毒害作用较轻,可能原因是穗花狐尾藻所含的粗纤维比轮叶黑藻少,细胞壁上能结合重金属的位点较少,所以吸附的镉相应减少,毒性较小.实验结果表明在进行湖泊水生植物修复时,相对于轮叶黑藻,穗花狐尾藻更适合作为生态恢复的先锋物种.     

沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对Cu2+的等温吸附特征

研究了沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对Cu²⁺的吸附等温线,分别采用了线性和非线性2种方法拟合吸附等温线,并比较分析2种方法的拟合效果和适用性.结果表明:①在采用等温吸附模型比较和评价不同生物吸附剂的性能时,不能仅仅根据R²和χ²的大小进行拟合方程的适用性比较.为了获得更为真实可靠的拟合结果,在实践中可以利用线性和非线性方法分别进行拟合,而每一种拟合方法也要同时采用多种模型,在对多个拟合结果比较的基础上选择更符合实验数据的吸附模型;②在本实验中,沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻吸附Cu²⁺的行为更符合Langmuir模型,而Freundlich模型特别是其线性表达式的计算值与实验数据的误差较大;③沉水植物中粗纤维素占干物质的比重是影响其吸附容量的重要因素之一,其细胞壁上多糖的—OH和—CONH₂可能是吸附的活性中心;④根据Langmuir模型线性拟合参数q_m,轮叶黑藻、穗花狐尾藻对Cu²⁺的最大吸附量分别为21.55 mg/g和10.80mg/g,其吸附Cu²⁺的最大活性比表面积分别为3.23m²/g和1.62m²/g.     

5种沉水植物对重金属富集能力的对比研究

为了探求不同的沉水植物对水体中重金属吸收富集能力的差异,采用原子吸收光谱法,对淮河支流东风渠水体及水体中常见的5种沉水植物:菹草、黑藻、龙须眼子菜、穗花狐尾藻及小茨藻进行了铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)含量分析。结果表明:5种沉水植物样品中重金属含量远远高于水体重金属背景值,对重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的富集系数为58~1 515,对Zn富集最强,最大富集量达到242.42 mg/kg,富集系数为1 515。不同的沉水植物对重金属的吸收富集优势存在明显差异,利用沉水植物来修复水体重金属污染时,须依据不同的污染元素来选择合适的沉水植物。     

不同磷质量浓度对穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻生长的影响

实验研究了不同质量浓度(0.02、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg·L-1)磷对穗花狐尾藻和轮叶黑藻生长状况的影响.结果显示,当磷质量浓度为0.2 mg·L-1时,是轮叶黑藻适宜生长的磷质量浓度,表现为分枝数、株高和根长均显著增加且达到最大,而穗花狐尾藻的适宜生长磷质量浓度为0.4 mg·L-1.两种沉水植物株高和根长增加量在磷质量浓度小于0.2 mg·L-1时,表现为轮叶黑藻大于穗花狐尾藻;当磷质量浓度大于0.4mg·L-1时,表现为穗花狐尾藻大于轮叶黑藻.实验结果表明,穗花狐尾藻比轮叶黑藻更能耐受高质量浓度的磷,并且两种沉水植物适宜生长的磷质量浓度都高于目前富营养化湖泊水体中的磷质量浓度,也远高于湖泊富营养化的磷质量浓度标准(0.02 mg·L-1).因此,单纯的磷质量浓度并不是富营养化水体中沉水植物退化消亡的直接原因.     

竞争干扰对轮叶黑藻吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响

沉水植物处理低浓度重金属废水是一项清洁和廉价的技术.主要研究了不同初始浓度和pH条件下,轮叶黑藻鲜样在单一、二元和三元金属离子体系中对铅离子的生物吸附特征.在单一金属离子体系中,不同pH值条件下的实验结果表明,pH值在2.0～6.0间变化时,轮叶黑藻对铅的吸附能力随pH值升高而增强,当初始铅浓度为250 mg/L和pH...     

穗花狐尾藻对外源15N在水-沉积物界面迁移转化的影响

通过构建室内模拟系统,利用同位素示踪技术研究过量外源NO3-在微环境中的归趋及生长期的穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)在外源氮迁移转化中的作用.结果表明:在穗花狐尾藻组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、沉水植物吸收、异化硝酸盐还原成氨(DNRA)和转化为可溶性有机氮(DON)的去除作用分别占添加15N的47.54%、25.24%、12.76%、0.52%、1.21%;在对照组,反硝化作用、微生物固定、DNRA作用和转化为DON的去除作用分别占添加15N的32.74%、30.79%、0.54%、5.83%.在穗花狐尾藻组和对照组中约87.24%和69.90%的NO3-进行了转化.反硝化作用是去除两处理组中NO3-的主要方式,其次是微生物的固定作用,穗花狐尾藻的直接吸收也对NO3-的去除起到重要作用,DNRA作用和DON对NO3-的去除作用较小.穗花狐尾藻促进了反硝化作用,加快了NO3-在微环境中的迁移转化,直接或间接地促进了微环境对外源NO3-的去除.     

穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻对白洋淀水质影响的原位围隔试验

在白洋淀建成14个原位围隔(9 m2/个),分别按10、20和30株/m2的密度种植穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻,研究不同密度穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻在调控水体富营养化方面的效能与稳定性.结果表明:穗花狐尾藻和金鱼藻能有效控制浮游植物的生物量并改善水体SD(透明度),其中密度为10株/m2穗花狐尾藻(平均长度为83 cm,平均湿质量为37.1 g)和密度为20株/m2金鱼藻(平均长度为68 cm,平均湿质量为31.2 g)的围隔控制效果明显,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)都明显下降,SD增加,浮游植物多样性明显增加,水体营养状态指数(TSIM)明显下降;但高密度沉水植物可能造成水体ρ(Chla)和营养盐含量的反弹.研究证明,种植合理密度的穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻有利于改善白洋淀水质.      

有机质腐解对穗花狐尾藻生长及生理的影响

以原沉积物和分别添加0.5%与1%有机质(植物残体)的沉积物作为底质培养沉水植物,采用室内模拟实验研究了有机质的腐解过程对穗花狐尾藻生长及生理作用的影响.结果表明,在试验的早期阶段,有机质的腐解对狐尾藻的生长有一定的抑制,但在整个培养阶段,与原沉积物组相比,0.5%有机质的加入,在一定程度上可促进植株生长, 狐尾藻生物量和根系生物量平均增加了12.99%和125.31%,而1%有机质的加入,狐尾藻生长受到抑制.在培养的前16d,有机质的添加抑制了沉水植物狐尾藻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量的增加,在培养中后期,0.5%有机质的加入,可促进植株体内可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量的积累.0.5%有机质添加条件下, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性持续升高,添加1%有机质和较长时间处理时,狐尾藻抗氧化酶系统活性先升高后降低. 在培养前期,1%有机质添加组植株丙二醛(MDA)含量比原沉积物组提高了20.13%,但与0.5%组差异不显著,即低浓度有机质的增加能促进狐尾藻生长及生理代谢,但随着有机质增加量的升高对狐尾藻的生理活动将产生不利影响.     

穗花狐尾藻生长及酚类物质含量对光照强度的响应研究

沉水植物穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)能产生对水华蓝藻生长有抑制效应的酚类活性物质。为了揭示光照强度对穗花狐尾藻的生长及其体内酚类物质含量的影响,文章研究了不同光照强度下穗花狐尾藻的生物量及其顶端组织与茎中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总酚的含量以及与酚类代谢相关酶——苯丙氨酸裂解酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)的活性,结果表明:穗花狐尾藻生物量随着光照强度的减弱而显著降低;高光照强度和中等光照强度下,顶端组织中可溶性蛋白、总酚含量和PAL酶活都明显高于茎中各指标;茎中的总酚含量、PAL酶活性在低光照强度下显著高于高光照强度和中等光照强度下。     

Equilibrium and kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum L.

The potential use of Myriophyllum spicatum L. biomass as a biosorbent for the removal of copper(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution was investigated in laboratory condition. The sorption experiments were undertaken to obtain copper (Ⅱ) biosorption properties of M.spicatum L., i.e. equilibrium time, the maximum capacity, and rate constants. Copper(Ⅱ) biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attaine1 within 35 min at initial copper(Ⅱ) concentration of 6 mg/L. Different isotherm models including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson model, were used to investigate the sorption capacity and isotherm. These models showed an excellent match with the experimental data except for the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir coefficients, the maximum sorption capacity of copper onto M. spicatum L. was 10.80 mg/g. The kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) sorption was also analysed and rate constants were derived. It was found that the overall sorption process was best described by the pseudo second-order equation, and that intraparticle diffusion was not the rate determining step. The results of this study showed that M. spicatum L. can be considered as useful vehicles for the removal and recovery of copper(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum L.

The potential use of Myriophyllum spicatum L. biomass as a biosorbent for the removal of copper（ Ⅱ ） from aqueous solution was investigated in laboratory condition. The sorption experiments were undertaken to obtain copper（ Ⅱ ） biosorption properties of M. spicatum L., i.e. equilibrium time, the maximum capacity, and rate constants. Copper（ Ⅱ ） biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attained within 35 min at initial copper（ Ⅱ ） concentration of 6 mg/L. Different isotherm models including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson model, were used to investigate the sorption capacity and isotherm. These models showed an excellent match with the experimental data except for the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir coefficients, the maximum sorption capacity of copper onto M. spicatum L. was 10.80 mg/g. The kinetics of copper（ Ⅱ ） sorption was also analysed and rate constants were derived. It was found that the overall sorption process was best described by the pseudo second-order equation, and that intraparticle diffusion was not the rate determining step. The results of this study showed that M. spicatum L. can be considered as useful vehicles for the removal and recovery of copper（ Ⅱ ） from aqueous solutions.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

金鱼藻对Cu2+的生物吸附特征

研究了沉水植物金鱼藻对Cu2 的吸附动力学及热力学特征.结果表明,金鱼藻对Cu2 的吸附在20min内达到平衡,吸附动力学的实验结果符合伪二级动力学方程,其相关系数达到0.9937,表明该吸附为多种反应同时作用的复杂过程.用Langmuir和Freundlich2种吸附等温式拟合吸附热力学的实验结果表明,以Langmuir模型拟合效果更好,相关系数为0.9977,其最大吸附量为7.79mg/g.在解吸实验中,各浓度组的解吸率均在1%以下,表明金鱼藻对Cu2 的吸持作用较强.     

Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass: A potential biosorbent for chromium ions removal

The Cr(III) sorption experiments onto Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass were conducted at different pH values (2–6) under the conditions of initial metal concentration of 10–50 mg/L and the chemical compositions of Cr-Cu and Cr-Cd. The Cr(III) sorption capacities were slightly dependent on pH, and the maximum sorption capacity was 0.86 mg/g at pH 3. The sorption capacities increased with increase in the initial metal concentration, whereas it was suppressed by the presence of Cu(II) and Cd(III) in the solution. The Cr(III) sorption equilibrium was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherms. The sorption mechanisms were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main mechanisms were ion exchange coupled with a complexation mechanism. Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass represents a potential for Cr(III) ion removal from aqueous solution.     

脱硫石膏基羟基磷灰石对Cu2+吸附性能的研究

以燃煤电厂废弃物脱硫石膏(FGD)为主要原料,利用水热合成法制备羟基磷灰石(FGD-HA),利用XRD和SEM对FGD-HA的物相组成和微观形貌进行了分析和观察.通过静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及吸附热力学.结果表明,伪二级动力学模型相关系数为0.9998,是描述FGD-HA吸附Cu2+的最佳动力学模型,Cu2+在FGD-HA上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温线模型(R2=0.9846),热力学表明此吸附是自发吸热的过程.利用响应面分析法对Cu2+的吸附条件进行优化,得出投加量3.11g/L、pH值4.96、温度22.09℃、Cu2+初始浓度24.75mg/L为最佳吸附条件,此条件下Cu2+去除率预测值为100%,相同条件下开展的验证实验结果为97.4%,与预测值相接近说明模型的选择是实际可行的.     

Comparative equilibrium studies of sorption of Pb(II) ions by sodium and calcium alginate

The absorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by di erent alginate compounds was studied in a batch sorption system. Water soluble sodium alginate and insoluble calcium alginate beads were investigated. The lead-binding capacity of both alginate compounds was highest within the pH range 6–8. The binding capacities and rates of Pb(II) ions by alginate compounds were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Bruneaur, Emmet and Teller (BET) sorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Sorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. The results obtained through the study suggest that alginate compounds are favorable sorbents. The largest amount of Pb(II) ions were bound by sodium alginate although the di erence between two compounds was slight. Therefore, alginate substances may be considered as an alternative for sorption and removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.     

活性炭纤维对定型机油烟废气吸附性能研究

采用动态吸附实验装置研究了粘胶基活性碳纤维的耐温性能以及预处理、采样流速、进气浓度对粘胶基活性碳纤维吸附定型机油烟废气平衡吸附量的影响,实验结果表明粘胶基活性碳纤维耐温性能良好,同时经去离子水煮沸2小时的粘胶基活性碳纤维平衡吸附量最大,采样流速增大平衡吸附量减少,但吸附速率变大,采用一级动力学模型较好地反映了吸附过程,Langmuir、Freundlich方程适合拟合低浓度下的吸附等温线,DR方程则较吻合高浓度下的吸附。