Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

Knudsen cell and smog chamber study of the heterogeneous uptake of sulfur dioxide on Chinese mineral dust

The heterogeneous uptake processes of sulfur dioxide on two types of Chinese mineral dust（Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang sierozem） were investigated using both Knudsen cell and smog chamber system. The temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was studied over a range from 253 to 313 K using the Knudsen cell reactor, the initial uptake coefficients decreased with the increasing of temperature for these two mineral dust samples, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of the Xinjiang sierozem increased with the temperature increasing, and these temperature dependence functions were obtained for the first time. In the smog chamber experiments at room temperature, the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 decreased evidently with the increasing of sulfur dioxide initial concentration from 1.72 × 1012 to 6.15 × 1012mol/cm3. Humid air had effect on the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 onto Inner Mongolia desert dust.Consequences about the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples and the environmental implication were also discussed.     

Spatial analysis of plant detritus processing in a Mediterranean river type: the case of the River Tirso Basin,Sardinia, Italy

The river continuum concept represents the most general framework addressing the spatial variation of both structure and function in river ecosystems.In the Mediterranean ecoregion,summer drought events and dams constitute the main sources of local disturbance to the structure and functioning of river ecosystems occurring in the river basin.In this study,we analysed patterns of spatial variation of detritus processing in a 7th order river of the Mediterranean ecoregion(River Tirso,Sardinia0Italy)and in three 4th order sub-basins which were exposed to different summer drought pressures.The study was carried out on phragmites australis and Alnus glutionsa leaf detritus at 31 field sites in seasonal field experiment Detritus processing rates were higher for Alnus glutionsa than for Phragmites australis plant detritus.Processing rates of Alnus glutionsa leaves varied among seasons and study sites from 0.006d^-1 to 0.189d^-1 and those of Phragmites australis leaves ranged from 0.0008d^-1 to 0.102d^-1,with the lowest values occurring at sites exposed to summer drought.Seasons and sites accounted for a significant proportion of such variability.Alder detritus decay rates generally decreased with increasing stream order,while reed detritus decay rates generallyincreased on the same spatial gradient.Summer drought events affected these spatial patterns of variation by influencing significantly the decay rates of both plant detritus.The comparisons among and within sub-basins showed strong negative influence of summer drought on detritus processing rates.Similarly,in the entire River Tirso basin decay rates were always lower at disturbed than at undisturbed sites for each stream order;decay rates of reed detritus remained lower at those sites even after the end of the disturbance events,while alder decay rates recovered rapidly from the summer drought perturbations.The different recovery of the processing rates of the two leaves could also explain the different patterns of spatial variation observed between the two leaves.     

Characterization of particle number size distribution and new particle formation in Southern China

Knowledge of particle number size distribution(PND) and new particle formation(NPF)events in Southern China is essential for mitigation strategies related to submicron particles and their effects on regional air quality,haze,and human health.In this study,seven field measurement campaigns were conducted from December 2013 to May 2015 using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) at four sites in Southern China,including three urban sites and one background site.Particles were measured in the size range of15-515 nm,and the median particle number concentrations(PNCs) were found to vary in the range of 0.3× 10~4-2.2 × 10~4 cn~(-3) at the urban sites and were approximately 0.2 × 10~4 cm~(-3) at the background site.The peak diameters at the different sites varied largely from 22 to 102 nm.The PNCs in the Aitken mode(25-100 nm) at the urban sites were up to 10 times higher than they were at the background site,indicating large primary emissions from traffic at the urban sites.The diurnal variations of PNCs were significantly influenced by both rush hour traffic at the urban sites and NPF events.The frequencies of NPF events at the different sites were0%-30%,with the highest frequency occurring at an urban site during autumn.With higher SO_2 concentrations and higher ambient temperatures being necessary,NPF at the urban site was found to be more influenced by atmospheric oxidizing capability,while NPF at the background site was limited by the condensation sink.This study provides a unique dataset of particle number and size information in various environments in Southern China,which can help understand the sources,formation,and the climate forcing of aerosols in this quickly developing region,as well as help constrain and validate NPF modeling.     

Factor decomposition of carbon emissions in Chinese megacities

In this article, per capita urban carbon emissions were decomposed into manufacturing,transportation, and construction sectors using logarithmic mean Divisia index(LMDI)method. This new decomposition method can provide information about specific drivers of carbon emissions, including urban growth and resident living standards, rather than general demographic and economic factors identified by traditional methods. Using four Chinese megacities(Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing) as case studies, we analyzed the factors that influenced per capita carbon emissions from 2010 to 2015. The results showed that per capita carbon emissions increased in Tianjin and Chongqing whereas decreased in Beijing and Shanghai, and that manufacturing was a key driving force. In these four megacities,energy conservation strategies were successfully implemented despite poor energy structure optimization during 2010–2015. Development of manufacturing and improvement of resident living standards in the cities led to an increase in carbon emissions. The unique dual-core urban form of Tianjin might mitigate the increased carbon emissions caused by the transportation sector. Reductions in carbon emissions could be achieved by further optimizing energy structures, limiting the number of private cars, and controlling per capita construction.     

Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk(10-5–10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.     

Modeling of residual chlorine in water distribution system

Water quality within water distribution system may vary with both location and time.Water quality models are used to predict the spatial and temporal variation of water quality throughout water system.A model of residual chlorine decay in water pipe has been developed, given the consumption of chlorine in reactions with chemicals in bulk water,bio-films on pipe wall, in corrosion process, and the mass transport of chlorine from bulk water to pipe wall.Analytical methods of the flow path from water sources to the observed point and the water age of every observed node were proposed .Model is used to predict the decay of residual chlorine in an actual distribution system.Good agreement between calculated and measured values was obtained.     

Understanding the sources and composition of the incremental excess of fine particles across multiple sampling locations in one air shed

Well-designed health studies and the development of effective regulatory policies need to rely on an understanding of the incremental differences in particulate matter concentrations and their sources. Although only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine spatial differences in sources to particulate matter within an air shed, routine monitoring data can be used to better understand these differences. Measurements from the US EPA Chemical Speciation Network （CSN） collected between 2002-2008 were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of regulatory data across three sites located within 100 km of each other. Trends in concentrations, source contribution, and incremental excesses across three sites were investigated using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. Similar yearly trends in chemical composition were observed across all sites, however, excesses of organic matter and elemental carbon were observed in the urban center that originated from local emissions of mobile sources and biomass buming. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate constituted over half of the PM2.5 with no spatial differences observed across sites. For these components, the excess of emissions from industrial sources could be directly quantified. This study demonstrates that CSN data from multiple sites can be successfully used to derive consistent source profiles and source contributions for regional pollution, and that CSN data can be used to quantify incremental differences in source contributions of across these sites. The analysis strategy can be used in other regions of the world to take advantage of existing ambient particulate matter monitoring data to better the understanding of spatial differences in source contributions within a given air shed.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in rain and street runoff in Amman, Jordan

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in the rain and street runoff samples from two sites in the vicinity of Amman City during the pluvial period 1999--2000. The results showed that elevated levels of PAHs were detected in the city center(site 1 ) than the residential area( site 2) and that the levels were higher in street runoff than rain samples of the same sites. The highest concentration of PAHs in both street runoff and rain samples were observed in the first rainy month( November 1999) which indicated a wash out effect of PAHs originating from vehicular emission accumulated during the long dry summer season before sampling. Within the investigated cold winter seasons, fluctuations in PAHs concentration were observed. The variation was attributed to the fossil combustion for heating purposes and to intervals between rainfalls: as the longer the intervals between rains were, the higher the PAH concentration were. Removal of PAHs from the atmosphere through precipitation over the investigated period varied with time and places depending on the amount of rainfall where higher rainfall removed higher amount of PAHs from the almosphere. The amount of PAHs washed out through precipitation was estimated to be around 14.8 mg/m^2 and 21.1 mg/m^2 for sites 1 and 2 respectively.     

Sedimentation of short cylindrical pollutants with mechanical contacts

Lattice Boltzmann method and elastic particle collision model were used to investigate the sedimentation of short cylindrical pollutant particles with mechanical contacts for varying bulk number density ε and terminal Reynolds number ReT. The corresponding experiments were performed as a comparison. The clusters of pollutant particles with an inverted “T” structure were observed, the pollutant particles for high ε and large ReT scattered wider than that for low ε and small ReT. The sedimentation velocities increased suddenly at the initial stage, then decreased drastically, after that swayed around and approached to a steady value. The time to steady state did not depend on ε and ReT. The effect of particle interactions was to hinder the average sedimentation velocity, and hindrance was directly proportional to ε. The orientation distributions of pollutant particles depended on ReT and ε, especially on the former. Both the standard deviations of vertical and horizontal velocity, the former was larger than the latter, were nearly independent on ε and ReT.     

Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two different analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods,the decay and steady state approximation methods.Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites(Bristol,Harwell,London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study.Three reactive alkenes,namely isoprene,1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method.Hourly measurements o...     

烟雾箱模拟乙炔和NOx的大气光化学反应

利用自制光化学烟雾箱进行了一系列表征实验并模拟了乙炔和氮氧化物NO_x在室温（20±1）℃下的大气光化学反应．讨论了乙炔与NO_x的协同作用对光化学反应产生O₃的影响．实验得到了O₃和NO₂的壁损失分别为5.80×10^-6 s^-1和2.41×10^-6 s^-1,相对于模拟实验中的O₃和NO₂,该损失可以忽略．测得了单支40 W黑光灯的有效光强为0.64×10^-3 s^-1（以NO₂的光解速率表示）．经过净化空气的本底校正后,讨论了不同乙炔浓度、NO_x浓度以及光照强度对体系产生O₃的影响,计算了乙炔的增强反应活性值（incremental reactivity, IR）,4组实验的IR最大值分别为1.76×10^-2、2.68×10^-2、2.04×10^-2和2.84×10^-2．并发现IR值与乙炔的初始浓度以及光照强度关系密切,与NO_x初始浓度关系不大．     

光化学烟雾箱的表征及初步应用

介绍了一套自制的用于光化学臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成研究的室内烟雾箱系统,对该烟雾箱系统进行了一系列表征实验,包括活性物种的壁损失速率常数的测定,以及由CO-NOx光氧化实验确定的反应器内·OH源,并进行了乙烯-NOx和苯-NOx光氧化的初步实验.结果表明,O3和NO2在新反应袋中壁损失受湿度影响很小,而在旧反应袋中影响...     

经济平稳增长下长江经济带碳排放峰值研究——基于全球夜间灯光数据的视角

碳排放达到峰值的时间和水平,将影响各地区的发展空间,对于长江经济带地区协调发展有着深远的影响,这也是应对气候变化和区域管理需要引起高度重视的问题。为此,论文通过1995—2013年的全球夜间灯光数据对长江经济带的GDP进行了估算和校准,进而在经济平稳增长条件下,预测长江经济带地区2014—2050年的GDP,根据碳强度衰减速率,设置了3种模拟情景。研究表明：以“十二五”时期的碳强度下降速率衰减,江苏和江西地区尚未出现碳峰值,其他地区在2050年之前出现碳峰值;其中云南在2025年就率先达到碳峰值。以“十三五”时期的碳强度下降速率衰减,江苏仍未出现碳峰值,安徽和江西地区在2040年之后出现碳峰值,四川、重庆、贵州均在2031年左右达到碳峰值;云南在2023年就率先达到碳峰值。上述两种模拟情景表明,长江上游地区碳排放达峰的时间要早于长江中游地区。进一步以长江经济带实现“2030年达到碳峰值”为目标的模拟情景发现,各地区碳强度衰减速率的差异显著,这从云南碳强度衰减速率2.58%、江西碳强度衰减速率7.53%,便可窥见一斑。由此可以看出,制定碳减排方案的要义,在协调好碳强度和经济增长率之间有效调控的同时,应充分考虑区域发展不平衡,分区域、分阶段推动碳排放达峰的减排政策,这将有利于经济平稳增长下顺利实现碳峰值目标。     

北京市大气OH自由基测量结果及其特征

利用2种基于高效液相色谱技术的大气OH测量方法测定了北京城市大气中OH自由基,得到了其浓度水平和日变化情况.测得夏季日间最大OH浓度为～8×10⁷ cm^-3,秋季日间最大浓度为2×10⁷～4×10⁷cm^-3,并根据同步测量光强和其它污染物的浓度,分析了OH浓度与这些条件的相关性.结果表明,OH浓度与UV-B相对强度、O₃和HNO₂的浓度具有一定的正相关性     

O2+、O3同时脱硫脱硝实验

针对目前的烟气同时脱硫脱硝方法中存在的投资成本、运行费用、占地面积大等问题,研究强电离放电方法产生高浓度氧活性粒子(O2+、O3)注入烟气外排管道中,进行O2+、O3消除烟气中的NO, SO2转化成HNO3, H2SO4的等离子化学反应.描述强电离介质阻挡放电制取O2+、O3原理和烟道中O2+与H2O反应形成·OH及其氧化脱硫脱硝反应机制,分析回收酸液中的酸根离子种类及浓度.在O2+、O3与NO+SO2的物质的量比为5,烟气温度为65℃,H2O体积浓度为10%,停留时间为1s的实验条件下,脱硝脱硫率分别为97.4%,83.2%.     

Effect of manufacturing methods of AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst on selective catalytic reduction of NOx

The AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst has potential for use in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. A compound hydrocarbon, following oxygenation is used as a type of reducing agent. In this experiment, the AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst was produced by four different methods, and the differences among their reduction catalysis of NOx were compared. Ethanol was used as a type of reducing agent. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to study the crystalline structure and scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were applied to determine the microindentation. The results indicated that, in the range of 350–400°C, there was no significant difference on the NOx reduction rate; however, there was dispersion at high and low temperature ranges. The size of the AgCl particles was about 20–100 nm.     

我国城市地区机动车污染现状与趋势

北京、广州和上海近10多年机动车保有量年均增长速率分别为16. 4 % ,16. 5 %和13.4 %,这些城市大约80 %的CO和40 %的NOx来 自于机动车排放。其结果是导致城区大气环境近10 a来NOx浓度逐年上升,己成为广州和北京等少数特大城市的首要污染物;街道大气环境 中NOx和CO日均浓度远远超过国家大气环境质量二级标准,其污染程度比城区整体环境更为严重;己存在严重的光化学烟雾污染,预测表明 城区未来大气环境中q浓度的高低取决于机动车的排放量。因此,我国城市地区大气污染正由煤烟型污染向机动车尾气污染转化。      

被动采样监测珠江三角洲NOx、SO2和O3的空间分布特征

为获得珠江三角洲区域污染特征,采用被动扩散采样技术,在珠江三角洲200 km×200 km网格区域内测量11月两周暴露的NO2、SO2和O3浓度水平,采用克里格空间插值法(Kriging)获取NOx、SO2和O3的空间分布特征,并与源清单和已有模型结果比对.采用反向轨迹方法模拟了O3的输送途径.结果表明,采样期间珠江三...     

氨氧化菌混培物在O2/微量NO2下的氨氧化动力学

运用序批式试验,在无分子氧条件下,确定了好氧氨氧化菌的NO₂型氨氧化动力学方程,得到了最大氨氧化速率［q_NO2,max=0.144　mg·(mg·h)^-1］、二氧化氮半饱和常数(k_NO2=0.821 μmol·L^-1）和二氧化氮抑制性常数（k_i=1.721 μmol·L^-1）.在微量NO₂气体中添加2% O₂氧气后,氨氧化速率明显提高,最大氨氧化速率发生在体积分数2% O₂和50×10^-6 NO₂的条件下,达到0.198 　mg·(mg·h)^-1.在21%　O₂和微量NO₂条件下,氨氧化速率继续大幅度提高;在21%　O₂和100×10^-6　NO₂时氨氧化速率达到0.477 　mg·(mg·h)^-1,比无NO₂空气曝气条件下氨氧化速率高3倍.提出了NO₂表观强化氨氧化函数的概念,建立了在O₂和微量NO₂混合气体下的氨氧化动力学方程,利用2%　O₂和微量NO₂条件下的实验结果验证了动力学方程,讨论了NO₂强化氨氧化的机理.