生物膜微塑料吸附重金属复合污染的研究进展

在水环境中大量存在的微塑料已经成为全球关注的重要环境问题。微塑料比表面积大、疏水性强,易吸附水环境中的重金属,表面被微生物定殖形成生物膜后,对重金属的吸附能力进一步增强,成为重金属的载体,形成复合污染物。复合污染物在水环境中广泛传播,造成更加严重的环境风险。该文对微塑料覆载生物膜吸附重金属所形成的复合污染的研究进展进行了深入的分析和总结,从微塑料覆载生物膜的基本特征、生物膜微塑料对重金属的吸附,以及作为重金属载体的作用等方面进行了综述,并提出生物膜微塑料与重金属相互作用研究中亟待解决的问题及未来的研究方向,为进一步评估微塑料覆载生物膜的环境行为和生态风险提供支撑。     

微塑料及其复合污染对水生生物的毒性与生态风险研究进展

近年来,微塑料已成为备受瞩目的新型污染物之一.微塑料在水生生态系统中广泛存在,且易与水中其它污染物形成复合污染.因此,微塑料及其复合污染对水生生物的影响以及水生生态系统的生态风险越来越受到关注.本文在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,概括了水生生态系统中微塑料污染的主要特点,归纳了微塑料及其复合污染对水生生态系统中藻类、浮游动物、鱼类等水生生物的影响,探讨了微塑料沿食物链的传递作用及其对水生生态系统生态风险的潜在影响,梳理了目前水域生态系统微塑料研究所面临的主要问题,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望,以期为评估微塑料及其复合污染对水生生物和水域生态系统的影响提供科学依据.     

淡水环境中微塑料与重金属的“木马效应”研究进展

微塑料(尺寸<5 mm的塑料)作为全球备受关注的新兴污染物,广泛存在于淡水环境中.微塑料易迁移,难降解,且比表面积大,对重金属等多种污染物有富集作用,大大增加了其对环境和生态的潜在危害.因此,本文首先定义微塑料在淡水环境中携带重金属并共同迁移的特殊环境行为为“木马效应”.随后,从淡水环境中微塑料的来源与分布、微塑料对重金属的富集作用、微塑料与重金属木马效应对其共同迁移行为的影响以及微塑料和重金属木马效应的生物影响这4个方面对淡水环境中微塑料与重金属的木马效应及其作用机制进行了总结和阐述.结果表明,作为面源广的污染物,微塑料广泛存在于淡水环境中;淡水环境中微塑料对重金属存在吸附行为,不同环境下对单一重金属吸附程度不同,主要受微塑料、金属和环境等因素共同影响,在多种重金属离子存在时会有竞争吸附;微塑料与重金属的木马效应会影响其共迁移行为;淡水环境中微塑料与重金属的木马效应,往往加剧了其对水生生物的毒性.通过全面了解淡水环境中微塑料与重金属的木马效应及其作用机制,可有效降低微塑料与重金属在淡水环境中的生态风险和对人类健康的影响提供借鉴.     

微塑料对水中铜离子和四环素的吸附行为

微塑料作为载体可与水中重金属、抗生素结合进而形成复合污染,这改变了污染物原有的环境行为与危害性.微塑料与重金属及抗生素间的作用途径与机制是评价其环境风险及毒理学机制的前提.目前有关微塑料与重金属及抗生素间的相互作用机制尚不清晰.以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和通用级聚苯乙烯(GPPS)颗粒作为代表,研究了微塑料在单一体系和复合体系中对Cu~(2+)和四环素的吸附行为,并就相关机制进行了探讨.结果表明,单一体系中,GPPS和HDPE分别对TC和Cu~(2+)表现出更大的平衡吸附量;复合体系中,GPPS对Cu~(2+)和TC的平衡吸附量均大于HDPE,且2种微塑料的吸附能力均较单一体系有所提高.准二级动力学模型对微塑料吸附过程的描述更为合理,吸附过程可划分为表面吸附和孔内扩散2个阶段.Langmuir等温吸附模型较Freundlich等温吸附模型更符合实验情形.单一体系中,GPPS和HDPE对Cu~(2+)和TC的饱和吸附量分别为0.178、 0.257、 0.334和0.194μmol·g~(-1),而在复合体系中,相应的饱和吸附量则分别增大至0.529、 0.411、 0.471和0.341μmol·g~(-1).表面形态特征及化学官能团的不同是导致GPPS和HDPE吸附行为差异的主要原因.体系pH影响微塑料和吸附对象的存在形态及表面电性,继而影响平衡吸附量.环境温度在15～35℃范围时,提高温度不利于微塑料的吸附.Cu~(2+)和TC在共存条件下可产生协同效应,络合物的形成及相互间的桥接作用使得二者更易于被微塑料吸附.     

土壤环境中微塑料的污染现状及其影响研究进展

微塑料作为一种持久性污染物,对土壤生态系统具有严重影响,土壤中微塑料的污染已愈加受到国内外学者的广泛关注。当前关于土壤环境中微塑料的研究较少,针对当前土壤中微塑料的来源、分布、降解迁移、生态效应及污染防治等方面进行综述。主要包括以下几个方面:1）概括土壤生态系统中微塑料的来源、分布特点和迁移降解规律,确定了土壤环境中微塑料的赋存状态;2）总结土壤生态系统中微塑料与其他污染物的复合效应;3）分析了微塑料对土壤理化性质、动物、植物、微生物的影响,并揭示了微塑料对于土壤生态系统的影响;4）根据土壤微塑料的分布特点、降解迁移及生态效应提出污染防治措施。最后,对今后土壤微塑料的研究重点进行了展望。     

聚乳酸微塑料及其复合污染的生物毒性效应与机制研究进展

综述了聚乳酸(PLA)微塑料单一暴露以及与其他污染物复合暴露的毒性效应,并探讨了PLA微塑料对生物的毒性作用机制.PLA微塑料的摄入会影响生物体的摄食、生长、存活、繁殖和运动行为;PLA微塑料与有机物和重金属复合污染对生物体存在一定的潜在风险;PLA微塑料主要通过机械损伤、氧化应激、神经损伤及免疫损伤对生物体造成损害.未来仍需对老化或降解的PLA微塑料的毒性效应、对陆地生物的复合暴露毒性效应与机制及其对全球生态系统和生物地球化学循环的影响等方面开展探索和研究,以期为今后PLA微塑料的环境生态风险评估提供思路.     

抗生素与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应研究进展

随着越来越多的污染物进入环境,复合污染已经成为各类环境介质中普遍存在的现象,也是当前环境污染研究的重点方向之一。抗生素和重金属在环境中均具有持久性和毒性,且都对生态环境产生潜在长期的危害。重点论述了抗生素与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应,以期为今后探索抗生素与重金属复合污染环境风险评价和污染治理提供一定参考,并对未来该领域需要进一步研究的问题和方向进行了展望。     

微塑料和其他新兴污染物相互作用研究进展

微塑料在环境中的广泛存在及潜在风险引起了研究者的关注。同时,环境中微塑料易和其他类型新兴污染物发生相互作用,从而对生态环境产生联合影响。文章首先综述了微塑料在海洋、土壤等环境介质中的赋存水平和特征,其次总结了微塑料和其他几种典型新兴污染物,如药品和个人护理品、抗生素抗性基因和纳米颗粒的相互作用及联合效应等方面的研究。文章亦归纳了影响微塑料和其他新兴污染物作用的因素,如微塑料种类、性质、pH和离子浓度等,并提出展望,未来应着重于研究长期条件下实际环境中多类型新兴污染物的联合环境行为,同时关注微塑料的溶出对新兴污染物相互作用的影响和多种新兴污染物共存对地球理化循环的联合风险。     

土壤微塑料污染现状、来源、环境命运及生态效应

微塑料作为一类新兴污染物广泛存在于全球环境中.目前,针对水生生态系统尤其是海洋环境的微塑料污染已得到广泛且深入的研究,但针对土壤微塑料污染近年才逐渐引起人们的关注.本文重点对土壤微塑料的污染现状、来源、环境命运及生态效应等方面的研究进展进行了综述.微塑料在不同土地利用类型的土壤中广泛存在,对土壤生态系统的健康及功能造成严重威胁.土壤中微塑料的主要来源路径包括塑料薄膜残留物分解、污泥堆肥及污水灌溉、有机肥施用和大气沉降等;进入土壤环境的微塑料会在外因作用下继续发生降解或迁移.此外,本文重点介绍了微塑料污染对土壤系统的生态效应,包括对土壤理化性质、土壤动物、土壤微生物以及植物的影响.为加强土壤微塑料污染研究、促进土地资源的可持续利用,本文提出了未来的研究方向.     

河口-近海环境新污染物的环境过程、效应与风险

在全球变化和人类活动双重影响下,大量陆源污染物特别是备受各国政府和民众关注的微塑料、新型持久性有机污染物以及药物和个人护理品等新污染物进入水体环境并迁移扩散,对近海生态环境安全和人体健康产生了巨大影响.综述国内外微塑料、全/多氟化合物、抗生素和内分泌干扰物等新污染物在河口-近海环境中的污染来源、时空分布和迁移传输等环境过程及其影响因素,分析探讨近海水生生态系统中新污染物产生的不良生态效应和风险,提出未来研究重点应关注河口-近海环境中多种新污染物的相互作用和新污染物产生的联合生态毒理效应及造成的生态和健康风险等,为陆海统筹下的海洋污染防治和海洋经济的健康发展提供科学依据.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.