Highly sensitive flow-biosensor for toxic phenolic compounds using tyrosinase and acridine orange-adsorbed carbon felt

Tyrosinase (TYR, EC 1.14.18.1) was physically adsorbed onto a carbon felt (CF) together with acridine orange (AO). Coadsorption of AO was essential to prevent the denaturation of the TYR at the CF surface. The resulting TYR and AO-coadsorbed CF (TYR/AO-CF) was successfully utilized as a detection unit of novel and highly sensitive amperometric flow-biosensor for toxic chlorophenol compounds. Standard solutions of phenolic compounds (200 μL) were injected, and the cathodic peak currents due to the reduction current of o-quinones produced by the TYR-catalyzed oxidation (phenolase activity) were detected at the applied potential of ?50 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. In this reaction, the electrochemically generated catechol compounds from o-quinones are re-oxidized repeatedly by catecholase activity of the TYR, leading to a sufficient amplified signal. The TYR/AO-CF exhibited much higher selectivity toward p-chlorophenol as compared with other chlorophenol compounds. When 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) was used as a carrier at flow rate of 3.0 mL/min, cathodic peaks for p-chlorophenol was linear in the concentration range between 0.1 and 10 [xmol/L (sensitivity: 1.41(mA-L)/mmol) with sampling rate (30 samples/h), and the detection limit ofp-chlorophenol was found to be 2.13 ? 10⁸ mol/L (S/N = 3. The ratio of signal and noise is 3). The TYR/AO-CF kept more than 80% of original activity after the storage in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.2 mmol/L AO at 4°C.     

Ni/Fe二元金属脱氯降解对氯苯酚的研究

研究了Ni/Fe二元金属脱氯降解对氯苯酚的催化性能.结果表明,吸附氢原子是对氯苯酚脱氯降解的主要还原剂,发生在催化剂表面的化学反应为整个过程的速率控制步骤.质量分数为2.96%Ni的催化剂具有最大的比表面积,在相同条件下也具有最好的脱氯性能,90min时的脱氯效率达64%.对不同Ni含量催化剂脱氯的动力学研究表明,对氯苯酚脱氯的表观动力学方程为一级反应,而且反应速率常数正比于催化剂的比表面积.通过计算表明,Ni/Fe单位比表面的表观速率常数为(κ′)为7.61×10^-4min^-1·m^-2.当体系温度小于43℃时,脱氯效率随着温度的上升而加快,超过这一温度后,升高温度反而会使体系的脱氯效率下降.     

基于磁性纳米粒子固定技术的漆酶传感器用于垃圾堆肥中邻苯二酚的检测

以邻苯二酚为检测目标,研究了一种基于核/壳磁性纳米粒子固定漆酶的邻苯二酚生物传感器制备方法及其在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用.制备Fe₃O₄磁性纳米颗粒,使用正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）和氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷（APTMS）将其功能化并利用戊二醛将漆酶共价固定,借助磁场吸附在磁性碳糊电极上,检测邻苯二酚.固定在电极表面的漆酶保持了很好的活性.该生物传感器的检测线性范围为7.5×10^-7～2.75×10^-4 mol/L,检测下限达到7.5×10^-7 mol/L,达到稳态电流95%所需时间大概为70 s.将该传感器检测堆肥浸出液中酚的含量的结果与高效液相色谱法对比,两者非常接近.     

藻菌固定化在畜禽养殖废水深度处理中的参数优化

以模拟废水为研究对象,基于藻菌包埋固定化在畜禽养殖废水处理中的处理效果和微生物生长情况,来优化藻菌固定化小球的制备条件和试验参数。以固定化小球强度、微生物生长情况、污染物去除效果为考察指标,通过正交试验,采用多指标全概率分析法和SPSS软件分析,确定藻菌固定化的优选参数组合:海藻酸钠（SA）、氯化钙（CaCl₂）浓度及固定化时间。然后,运用Design-Expert 10软件设计响应曲面实验,对相关实验参数做进一步优化。实验结果表明:正交实验得到的一组优选参数为SA浓度3%、CaCl₂浓度1%、固定化时间12 h;最终通过响应曲面法进一步优化得到最优参数为SA浓度4%、CaCl₂浓度0.5%、固定化时间6 h,在此最优参数条件下固定化小球强度、微藻生长速率、TN去除率分别达到-13.58%、 0.193、 89.55%。     

菌株qy37吸附包埋固定化的脱氮效果研究

以对异养硝化好氧反硝化菌菌株qy37固定化后的脱氮效果为考察标准,分别研究了不同的吸附、包埋固定化载体和方式对固定化脱氮效果的影响。研究结果表明:以碳纳米管、多孔陶粒、活性炭、石墨四种材料为吸附固定化载体时,纳碳纳米材料的吸附固定化脱氮效果最好,脱氮率可达94%;以海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)制成的SA、PVA、PVA-SA、PVA-SA-活性炭和PVA-SA-纳米材料小球为包埋固定化载体时,PVA和SA混合作为包埋剂固定效果要好于单独作为包埋剂,包埋剂PVA和添加剂SA最佳包埋比是10:1;吸附材料作为强化剂一起包埋的复合式包埋有助于提高固定化小球的稳定性和固定化效果,脱氮率提高5%。其中纳米材料作为强化剂的包埋固定化脱氮效果要优于活性炭,脱氮率可达到85%。强化剂活性炭、纳米材料最佳包埋比是5:4。吸附固定化整体脱氮效率优于包埋固定化。     

炭纤维生物膜载体在反硝化脱氮中的应用

通过对反硝化微生物在炭纤维与聚丙烯、泡沫聚氨酯塑料类载体上的固着化实验,发现反硝化微生物在炭纤维载体上附着强度较大,而且每克炭纤维上的生物膜干重及对硝态氮处理能力是每克塑料类载体的200倍以上.PAN基高强度炭纤维比活性炭纤维能固着更多的反硝化微生物,这与高强度炭纤维载体与微生物的有效接触面积大、传质好及表面官能团有关.适量的表面含氧官能团能使较多的反硝化菌较牢固地吸附在炭纤维载体上.PAN基高强度炭纤维是一种生物相容性好、固着强度高、耐微生物分解及化学腐蚀的优异的反硝化菌新型固着化载体.     

Enhanced U(VI) bioreduction by alginate-immobilized uranium-reducing bacteria in the presence of carbon nanotubes and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate

Uranium-reducing bacteria were immobilized with sodium alginate, anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The effects of different AQDS-CNTs contents, U(IV) concentrations, and metal ions on U(IV) reduction by immobilized beads were examined. Over 97.5% U(VI) (20 mg/L) was removed in 8 hr when the beads were added to 0.7% AQDS-CNTs, which was higher than that without AQDS-CNTs. This result may be attributed to the enhanced electron transfer by AQDS and CNTs. The reduction of U(VI) occurred at initial U(VI) concentrations of 10 to 100 mg/L and increased with increasing AQDS-CNT content from 0.1% to 1%. The presence of Fe(III), Cu(II) and Mn(II) slightly increased U(VI) reduction, whereas Cr(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) significantly inhibited U(VI) reduction. After eight successive incubation-washing cycles or 8 hr of retention time (HRT) for 48 hr of continuous operation, the removal efficiency of uranium was above 90% and 92%, respectively. The results indicate that the AQDS-CNT/AL/cell beads are suitable for the treatment of uranium-containing wastewaters.     

固定化蛋白酶对废水中蛋白质的水解效果与机理

采用吸附方法将蛋白酶固定于活性炭、大孔树脂和硅胶载体上,分别研究了3种载体蛋白酶固定化效果,酶活性以及对淀粉加工黄浆废水中蛋白质的水解效果.批次试验结果表明,3种载体蛋白酶固定效果分别为:硅胶20.31%,大孔树脂37.85%,活性炭61.95%;酶活性最高时pH均为5.5;酶活性分别为3.6mg/min、21.48mg/min和18.68mg/min .水解后,大孔树脂和活性炭固定酶的水解产物氨基酸总量分别较水解前增加21.26倍和14.6倍;产物中检出1 6种氨基酸,较水解前增加2种.以大孔树脂为载体构建固定化酶反应器进行连续进水试验,结果表明:进水中蛋白质浓度明显影响反应器的水解效果,当其蛋白质浓度与反应器的酶浓度匹配时(500mg/L) ,反应器能获得80 %蛋白质水解率和36.1%有机物水解酸化率.挥发性水解产物组成以乙醇和乙酸为主,分别占50.3%,33.3%.为乙醇型水解.     

氧化硫硫杆菌固定化菌球制备及其耦合填料去除H2S

以海藻酸钠(SA)为包埋载体,对氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans)进行固定化制备菌球,优化菌球制备条件,在生物滤塔内验证其对H₂S的去除能力.以前期驯化获得的富含硫系恶臭降解微生物菌群的污泥为菌源进行生物滤塔填料筛选,耦合A.thiooxidans菌球和填料进行生物除臭.结果表明,优选的固定化条件为:SA浓度3.0%､吸附剂CNT､A.thiooxidans菌悬液与混合液比例20%､CaCl₂浓度4.0%､改性剂己二胺溶液,获得的菌球机械强度､传质性能､硫氧化能力最好.将A.thiooxidans菌球填装于生物滤塔,H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为70%和1.06g H₂S/m³·h.以混合挂膜方式进行填料挂膜后,在聚氨酯泡沫､活性碳布和陶粒中优选出最佳填料活性碳布,获得H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为88%和0.84g H₂S/m³·h.以混合填装方式将A.thiooxidans菌球与活性碳布填装于生物滤塔,获得H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为86%和1.00g H₂S/m³·h.     

Immobilization of nitrite oxidizing bacteria using biopolymeric chitosan media

The effects of chitosan characteristics including the degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, particle size, pH pretreatment and immobilization time on the immobilization of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) on biopolymeric chitosan were investigated. Nitrite removal efficiency of immobilized NOB depended on the degree of deacetylation, particle size, pH pretreatment on the surface of chitosan and immobilization time. Scanning electron microscope characterization illustrated that the number of NOB cells attached to the surface of chitosan increased with an increment of immobilization time. The optimal condition for NOB immobilization on chitosan was achieved during a 24-hr immobilization period using chitosan with the degree of deacetylation larger than 80% and various particle size ranges between 1-5 mm at pH 6.5. In general, the NOB immobilized on chitosan flakes has a high potential to remove excess nitrite from wastewater and aquaculture systems.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物的吸附、包埋固定化效果初探

以活性炭、陶瓷生化环、陶瓷生化球、珊瑚砂、火山石和生化棉为吸附固定化载体,以海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)制成的SA、PVA、PVA-SA和PVA-SA-活性炭小球为包埋固定化载体,研究了厌氧氨氧化微生物固定化的脱氮效果.结果表明,吸附固定化的大部分处理和包埋固定化的部分处理均能维持较高的厌氧氨氧化活性.吸附固定化脱氮效率优于包埋固定化,其中,活性炭吸附固定化脱氮效果最好,初期可以提高活性达30%以上.通过对活性炭吸附固定化的中长期连续运行监测发现,活性炭固定化第6次反应过程的厌氧氨氧化活性是对照的3.5倍.因此,活性炭吸附固定化还具有稳定持续的中长期效应,不失为一条有效提高厌氧氨氧化活性的固定化途径.     

固定化及游离态皮氏伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia pickettii)降解喹啉的试验研究

从处理焦化废水的A2/O工艺曝气池中筛选、分离得到一株能利用喹啉作为唯一碳源、氮源和能源的细菌，经鉴定为皮氏伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia pickettii)革兰氏染色阴性，杆状.采用PVA-硼酸-纱布复合载体法包埋固定了该菌，用电镜观察研究了该菌在固定化载体中的分布及形态.固定化细胞降解动力学试验表明，喹啉的降解符合零级反应.比较了固定化细胞与游离态细胞降解喹啉的特性，实验结果表明，游离态细胞利用喹啉的速率较快.     

Immobilized reactor for rapid destruction of recalcitrant organics and inorganics in tannery wastewater

The wastewater discharged from tanneries lack biodegradability due to the presence of recalcitrant compounds at significant concentration. The focal theme of the present investigation was to use chemo-autotrophic activated carbon oxidation(CAACO) reactor, an immobilized cell reactor using chemoautotrophs for the treatment of tannery wastewater. The treatment scheme comprised of anaerobic treatment, sand filtration, and CAACO reactor, which remove COD, BOD, TOC, VFA and sulphides respectively by 86%, 95%, 81%,71% and 100%. Rice bran mesoporous activated carbon prepared indigenously and was used for immobilization of chemoautotrophs. The degradation of xenobiotic compounds by CAACO was confirmed through HPLC and FT-IR techniques.     

Electropolymerized poly（Toluidine Blue）-modified carbon felt for highly sensitive amperometric determination of NADH in flow injection analysis

Poly(pheniothiazine) films were prepared on a porous carbon felt (CF) electrode surface by an electrooxidative polymerization of three phenothiazine derivatives (i.e.,Tthionine (TN), Toluidine Blue (TB) and Methylene Blue (MB)) from 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Among the three phenothiazies, the poly(TB) film-modified CF exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form (NADH) at +0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The poly(TB) film-modified CF was successfully used as working electrode unit of highly sensitive amperometric flow-through detector for NADH. The peak currents (peak heights) were almost unchanged, irrespective of a carrier flow rate ranging from 2.0 to 4.1 mL/min, resulting in the measurement of NADH (ca. 30 samples/hr) at 4.1 mL/min. The peak current responses of NADH showed linear relationship over the concentration range from 1 to 30 mol/L (sensitivity: 0.318 A/( mol/L); correlation coefficient: 0.997). The lower detection limit was found to be 0.3 mol/L (S/N = 3).     

Adsorption of naphthalene onto a high-surface-area carbon from waste ion exchange resin

A high-surface-area carbon (KC-1) was prepared from waste polystyrene-based ion exchange resin by KOH activation and used for naphthalene adsorption. The carbon exhibited a good hydrophobic nature with developed porous structure, favoring the adsorption of organic compounds. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and total pore volume of KC-1 were 3442.2 and 1.68 cm 3 /g, respectively, which can be compared with those of KOH-activated carbons prepared from other precursors. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of naphthalene onto KC-1. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Polanyi- Manes isotherms and agreed with the Polanyi-Manes Model. The adsorption of naphthalene depended greatly on the porosity of the carbon, and the dispersive interactions between naphthalene and carbon could be relatively weak. The pH variation in aqueous solution had little effect on the adsorption process. The equilibrium time for 0.04 g/L of carbon dose was around 5 hr. Different models were used to evaluate the kinetic data and the pseudo second-order model was suitable to describe the kinetic process of naphthalene adsorption onto KC-1. Regeneration of spent carbon could be carried out effectively by alcohol treatment. The results indicated that KC-1 was a promising adsorbent for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions.     

生物陶粒与生物活性炭上微生物群落结构的PCR-SSCP技术解析

采用PCR-SSCP(单链构象多态性)技术,以16S rRNA基因的V4-V5区为靶对象,分析用于饮用水处理的生物陶粒和生物活性炭上的微生物群落结构.对生物陶粒和生物活性炭上的微生物分别进行超声波洗脱、R2A和LB平板培养后提取基因组DNA.结果表明,除生物活性炭超声波洗脱不能提取到DNA外,其他处理均能提取到大小在10 kb以上的基因组DNA,但所提取的量有较大差异.以提取的DNA为模板分别进行PCR,均能扩增到408 bp的基因片段.这些片段经λ核酸外切酶消化处理后进行SSCP电泳.结果显示,超声波洗脱、R2A和LB培养对试验结果影响不明显.生物陶粒的微生物基因扩增片段SSCP图谱相同,且只出现1条带.测序后与基因组数据库对比,结果显示其与uncultured Pseudomonas sp. clone FTL201 16S rDNA （GenBank登录号AF509293.1）片段同源性为92%.生物活性炭的微生物基因扩增片段SSCP图谱也相同,但有2条带.测序对比的结果表明, 这2个基因片段与Bacillus sp. JH19 16S rDNA （GenBank 登录号DQ232748.1）片段和Bacterium VA-S-11 16S rDNA （GenBank登录号AY395279.1）片段的同源性分别为100%和99%.     

碳毡阴极电还原降解氯霉素效能与机制研究

为实现氯霉素（CAP）的稳定高效去除,通过阴极材料筛选优化,构建了以碳毡为阴极的电化学还原体系.实验分别考察了阴极材料、阴极电位、pH、电解质种类和CAP初始浓度对CAP降解效果的影响.结果表明：以碳毡为阴极,电流密度为2.5 mA·cm^-2时,反应30 min后初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1的CAP去除率达到了94.9%,60 min内CAP得以完全去除;CAP中氯的脱除是其降解的重要途径,60 min内氯离子的转化率可达60.5%;碳毡阴极电位降低至-1.4 V （vs.SCE）利于还原降解过程;硝酸根的存在对CAP还原有一定的抑制作用;重复降解实验和扫描电镜（SEM）实验证明了碳毡阴极降解CAP效能的稳定性;通过电子自旋共振（ESR）自由基捕获和猝灭实验初步探讨了CAP的脱氯还原机制,发现原子H^*的生成和电子还原作用是CAP快速降解的主要机制.     

污泥超声处理及其在好氧消化中的应用

污泥好氧消化工艺可以有效实现污泥的稳定和减量,为了进一步提高好氧消化的效率,促进有机质的降解,在对污泥超声处理性能研究的基础上,考察了不同超声辅助处理手段对污泥好氧消化的影响.结果表明,经1.0 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥上清液中溶解性COD增加了5.4倍,污泥总悬浮固体减少了16%;而经0.05 W/mL超声处理10 min后,污泥比耗氧速率可提高29%.用这2种超声预处理好氧消化的进泥时,污泥有机质降解率没有明显改变,但用1.0 W/mL超声处理好氧消化的回流污泥时,污泥有机质降解率提高了15%,而且消化污泥的沉降性能良好,上清液中有机质含量增加很少,因此,后者可以用于改善污泥好氧消化工艺.     

生物膜法在去除城市地表水中氨氮的应用研究

针对受污染的城市地表水,采用新型蜂窝陶瓷载体气升式内循环反应器(IAL-CHS)对其中的氨氮去除进行研究。结果表明,该生物膜反应器能有效地去除地表水中的氨氮。研究中主要考查了HRT与NH4+-N去除率之间的关系,并确定了最佳HRT。在HRT为50min,接触反应时间仅为24min条件下,对NH4+-N、NO2--N的去除率分别为82.8%～95.8%、26.1%～60.3%,此反应器能承受较强的冲击负荷,具有很广阔的应用前景。     

厌氧流化床反应器微生物固定化载体筛选的研究

论述了在厌氧化床反应器中用包络法固定微生物的高分子载体筛选研究的情况。通过静态试验的对比，筛选出了微生物固定化效果好、产甲烷性能优良的聚丙烯酸酯类多孔高分子载体ＷＡＲ－８。用ＡＦＢ反应器进行合成葡萄糖废水的中温厌氧消化试验，达到了较高的处理性能指标。