铜绿微囊藻与蛋白核小球藻的快速定性研究

铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻是藻类水华常见的优势藻,二者形状大小较为相似,不易区分,采用浮游植物流式细胞仪,初步研究了铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的快速检测和区分技术。通过对比选择具有区分优势的参数指标,即代表细胞内颗粒复杂程度的侧向散射信号(SWS)的均值指标和代表叶绿素含量的红色荧光信号(FL Red)的均值指标,对两藻种进行了多维度的筛选和区分。根据选择的参数指标,导出对应的特征信号图谱,进一步考察其信号图谱的特征性。经研究表明区分藻种的一级指标是信号强度,二级指标是信号光滑度。     

基于高光谱特征提取的藻类叶绿素a反演模型

选取自然界中分布较广泛的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,进行室内藻类光谱试验,同步测定其ρ(叶绿素a),并分别建立基于混合高斯函数的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻高光谱信息模型. 在此基础上,利用模拟退火算法实现模型的非线性参数拟合,提取这2种藻的高光谱特征,通过非线性回归分析,反演得到分解后的高光谱信息模型的峰高(h_i)与ρ(叶绿素a)的定量模型,实现对水体中小球藻和铜绿微囊藻ρ(叶绿素a)的预测. 结果表明:藻类高光谱特征提取算法能有效揭示小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的光谱本质特征,并得出相应的小球藻和铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a反演模型.      

2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯对藻细胞膜和亚显微结构的影响

为揭示化感物质抑制藻类的机理, 研究了芦苇化感物质2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯(eathyl-2-methyl acetoacetate, EMA)对蛋白核小球藻、铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸种类、含量以及藻细胞亚显微结构的影响,采用Bligh and dye法提取藻类细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸,GC-MS测定脂肪酸种类和含量,透射电镜法观测细胞亚显微结构. 结果表明, EMA使蛋白核小球藻细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸、亚油酸含量都增加了14%, 而饱和脂肪酸肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸含量则下降了12%和11%. 加入EMA后, 铜绿微囊藻细胞膜中不饱和脂肪酸C18∶1和C18∶2含量分别增加了12%和10%, 饱和脂肪酸C18∶0和C16∶0含量则下降. EMA对普通小球藻细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸含量没有显著影响. EMA使蛋白核小球藻和铜绿微囊藻细胞壁脱落, 细胞膜破裂, 细胞内含物渗出, 细胞内片层结构解体, 细胞核和线粒体结构损坏. EMA对普通小球藻细胞亚显微结构没有显著破坏.     

荷花不同部位浸出液对3种淡水藻类生长的影响

文章探讨了荷花不同部位(茎和叶)浸出液对铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻及四尾栅藻生长的影响,为利用荷花化感物质减少湖泊富营养化提供基础。结果表明荷花不同部位的浸出液对3种藻类均有抑制作用,荷花叶浸出液抑制效果好于荷花茎浸出液。荷花不同部位浸出液对藻类的半浓度效应(EC5)0各不相同,荷花叶浸出液对四尾栅藻的EC50为4.21 g/L,抑制效果最好;铜绿微囊藻及蛋白核小球藻的EC50值分别为5.35 g/L、9.92 g/L;荷花茎浸出液对铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻及四尾栅藻的EC50值分别为9.52 g/L、7.28 g/L、6.90 g/L。     

薄荷提取物对3株微藻生长特性的影响

薄荷中含有不同的化感物质,其化感作用可能抑制或促进微藻生长,达到对水华微藻或商业微藻的调控作用。该研究以铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻和栅藻为受试藻种,探究了薄荷提取物对铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻和栅藻生长特性的影响。发现薄荷提取物对铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)的生长具有抑制作用,其抑制率最大可达97%,而对蛋白核小球藻和栅藻(均为绿藻)的生长具有一定的促进作用,最大促进率可分别达552%和176%,两株受试绿藻的干重最大增加0.60 g/L和0.62 g/L。可见,薄荷提取物对不同藻种的生长特性影响不同,通过添加薄荷提取物控制微藻生长,达到对不同藻种的调控作用。     

芦苇化感物质对藻类细胞膜选择透性的影响

以藻类渗出的K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度为表征,以ICP-MS检测为手段,研究了芦苇抑藻化感物质2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯(eathyl-2-methyl acetoacetate, EMA)对铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻和普通小球藻细胞膜选择透性的影响. 结果表明, 在实验条件下, 铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻细胞经煮沸完全破坏细胞膜时K⁺渗出量为1 .45、1 .59 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1, 当EMA浓度为2 mg·L^-1时, 铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的K⁺渗出量为1 .38、1 .40 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1,当EMA浓度为4 mg·L^-1时, 铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的K⁺渗出量为1 .44、1 .58 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1,离子渗出量达到完全破坏细胞膜最大渗出量的95%以上. EMA浓度为4 mg·L^-1时,普通小球藻的细胞内K⁺渗出量为0 .64 μg·(10⁹ cell)^-1, 仅为完全破坏细胞膜后K⁺渗出量的31 .5%. EMA对Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺的渗出量的影响规律与K⁺相同. EMA破坏了铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻的细胞膜,但对普通小球藻的细胞膜透性没有显著影响.这是EMA选择性抑藻的机理之一.     

不同磷浓度对小球藻铜绿微囊藻生长及生理的影响

常通过对藻类某些生理生化指标的测定,甄别水体的营养状态。实验以小球藻(Chlorella sp.)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为对象,研究它们在不同磷浓度下藻细胞480 nm和665 nm吸光度的比值(OD480/665)、光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(F v/Fm)、碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)等的响应及其作为营养状态指标的可能性进行了探讨。结果发现磷浓度与小球藻OD480/665负相关;而铜绿微囊藻OD480/665值与磷浓度相关性不明显。P缺乏能导致小球藻和微囊藻F v/Fm降低。小球藻产生的APA与培养基中磷含量负相关,而铜绿微囊藻产生碱性磷酸酶的量与培养基中磷含量关系并不明显。研究结果表明OD480/665、Fv/Fm、APA可以反映小球藻磷限制情况,不能反映铜绿微囊藻磷限制情况;藻类生理生化指标对磷的响应与种类有关,用来指示营养限制情况时需谨慎。     

水稻秸秆浸泡液对蓝藻和绿藻生长选择性抑制作用

运用流式细胞仪研究了水稻秸秆浸泡液(RSE)对藻类生长、形态学特征(细胞大小)和生理参数(叶绿素荧光强度)的影响.RSE对有毒、无毒铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、有毒水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)、鱼害微囊藻(Microcystis ichthyoblabe)这4种蓝藻和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)这3种常见绿藻生长的抑制作用具有选择性.RSE浓度为2.0~10.0 g·L~(-1)时,可以显著抑制蓝藻的生长,同时强烈影响了藻细胞的叶绿素荧光强度和细胞大小.有毒水华鱼腥藻、鱼害微囊藻、有毒和无毒铜绿微囊藻的7d EC50分别为1.72、2.21、2.92和5.72 g·L~(-1).暴露于RSE的蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻,细胞生长被促进了并观测到有群体形成;而对羊角月牙藻来说,当RSE浓度为1.0~4.0 g·L~(-1)时月牙藻生长和叶绿素荧光强度被抑制,但是当RSE浓度为8.0~10.0g·L~(-1)时,月牙藻生长被显著促进.总之,RSE对蓝藻生长的抑制效果强于羊角月牙藻、蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻,蓝藻光合系统Ⅱ反应中心的敏感性和绿藻群体的形成可能是造成两者对水稻秸秆敏感性不同的重要原因.     

脂肪酸类物质的抑藻效应及其构效关系

研究了17种脂肪酸对产毒铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻以及斜生栅藻的抑制效应,比较了脂肪酸抑藻的构效关系.结果表明,17种脂肪酸单独作用对研究的3种藻均有一定的抑制作用,但对产毒铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用最强.脂肪酸类物质抑藻效应与其化学结构密切相关,脂肪酸不饱和程度越高抑制作用越佳,碳链越短抑藻效果越好,奇数碳脂肪酸的抑藻效果好于偶数碳脂肪酸.多种脂肪酸联合抑藻具有协同抑制作用.     

除草剂百草枯对蓝藻和绿藻的毒性

为评估除草剂百草枯对藻类生态系统的环境毒害效应,测定了百草枯对4株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa XW01,M.aeruginosa 7806)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)、集胞藻(Synechocystis PCC 6803),以及两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.472)的毒害效应,采用半效抑制浓度EC5o值、无观察效应浓度(NOEC)、最低观察效应浓度(LOEC)及慢性值(ChV)评价了百草枯对6株藻的毒性.结果表明:蓝藻对百草枯的敏感性显著大于绿藻,蛋白核小球藻的96 h-EC50值是铜绿微囊藻XW01的96 h-EC50值的7.4倍.百草枯毒害作用具有时间效应,暴露时间越长,毒害作用越强.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.