河套灌区浅层地下水NO3--N时空变化及驱动因素

为探明河套灌区地下水硝酸盐污染现状、时空演变特征和主要影响因素,选择乌拉特灌域为研究区,采用统计分析、 Piper三线图、相关分析和离子比值等方法,探究了该地区地下水硝酸盐质量浓度时空变化格局和主要驱动因素.结果表明,乌拉特灌域地下水氮素主要以NO^-₃-N为主,ρ（NO^-₃-N）存在极高值(60.00 mg·L^-1),超标率达10.50%;时间分布：8月地下水ρ（NO^-₃-N）最高(平均值为6.61 mg·L^-1), 10月(6.22 mg·L^-1)和11月(6.25 mg·L^-1)次之,3月(平均值为1.77 mg·L^-1)最小,土壤中NO^-₃-N在降雨和灌溉驱动作用影响下,下渗至地下水,呈现出丰水期和灌溉集中期高于其它时期的特征;空间分布：灌域西南部(8.87 mg·L^-1)&g...     

高原湖泊周边浅层地下水:磷素时空分布及驱动因素

高原湖泊周边农田磷肥的大量施用和城镇村落的聚集造成了土壤剖面磷素不断累积和含磷污染物的大量排放,加剧了湖泊周边浅层地下水的磷污染,磷随湖泊周边区域浅层地下径流入湖也影响着高原湖泊的水质安全. 2019～2021年雨季和旱季,通过对云南8个湖泊周边农田和居民区水井进行监测,分析了452个浅层地下水样中磷浓度的时空差异及驱动因素.结果表明,季节变化和土地利用影响了浅层地下水中磷浓度及其组成,表现为雨季浅层地下水中磷浓度大于旱季,农田大于居民区;溶解性总磷(DTP)是总磷(TP)的主要形态,占75%～81%,溶解性无机磷(DIP)是DTP的主要形态,占74%～80%.8个湖泊周边近30%的样本TP浓度已超过地表水Ⅲ水标准(GB 3838),其中,洱海(52%)、杞麓湖(45%)、星云湖(42%)和滇池(29%)湖泊周边地下水磷的超标率远高于阳宗海(16%)、抚仙湖(13%)、程海(6%)和异龙湖(5%).影响浅层地下水磷浓度的关键因子是土壤剖面中水溶性磷(WEP)、含水率(MWC)、土壤有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)、 pH和浅层地下水中pH、水位(P<0.05).土壤WEP、 SOM...     

不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质年际变化特征

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,近年来逐渐得到广泛关注.为探究植被和使用时长对绿色屋顶径流水质的影响,于北京市区搭建了3种不同植被类型[佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora）和无植被（对照）]的绿色屋顶.根据2017～2019年植物生长情况、雨季雨水和绿色屋顶径流水质的长期监测,定量分析不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质的年际变化特征.结果表明,相较雨水,3种绿色屋顶在监测期内均是NH⁺₄-N的汇,浓度平均削减率在50.1%～79.2%之间,但均是PO^3-₄-P、 DCr、 DCu和DNi的源;佛甲草和大花马齿苋绿色屋顶在2017年是NO^-₃-N的汇,浓度平均削减率分别为71.4%和99.5%,在2018和2019年是NO^-₃-N的源,而对照绿色屋顶在监测期均为NO^-₃-N的源;绿色屋顶的植被类型和使用时长显著影响其径...     

红枫湖流域农业面源污染治理的生物地球化学垒体系构建初探

在点源污染得到有效控制后,流域内农业面源污染逐渐成为了湖库氮、磷等营养物质外源输入的主要贡献者。本研究选取红枫湖流域农田土壤为研究对象,对其添加改良剂并种植植物来构建生物地球化学垒,并对其氮、磷拦截效应进行了综合评估。研究结果表明,添加Al₂(SO₄)₃、CaCl₂与钠基膨润土显著提高了土壤对NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和磷的拦截率,降低其流失程度。其中,对土壤添加CaCl₂改性钠基膨润土并种植植被构建的生物地球化学垒,对NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和磷的综合拦截效果最佳,截留率分别为87%、95%、93%。而添加了FeSO₄的土壤,NO^-₃-N的淋失程度增强,不宜选取。种植植物后,植物生长对土壤中氮和磷有一定的活化作用,导致模拟径流中NH     

嘉兴南湖不同湖区浮游动植物群落结构特征与环境因子关系

为了解不同区域生态修复后环境因子对浮游动植物群落分布的影响,于2021年1月（竣工后）对南湖A、 B、 C、 D和S区的环境因子及浮游动植物开展调查.结果表明,生态修复区较未修复区水体总氮（TN）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、硝氮（NO^-₃-N）、总磷（TP）和溶解性总磷（DTP）浓度显著降低,溶解氧（DO）显著增高（P<0.05）.研究区浮游植物种类以绿藻和硅藻为主,浮游动物种类以原生动物和轮虫为主.修复区浮游植物生物量较未修复区低,浮游植物与浮游动物物种数升高.聚类与主坐标分析显示修复区浮游动植物群落差异显著（P<0.05）,其中A区和B区游动植物结构较为相似.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,DO、 NO^-₃-N、 pH和水温（WT）是影响浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子;DO、 NO^-₃-N、 NH⁺₄-N和TP是驱动浮游动物群落分布的主要环...     

改进型A2NSBR工艺参数及其除磷脱氮特性

以模拟生活污水为处理对象,在常规A₂NSBR工艺厌氧释磷后插入一段曝气吸磷过程,通过运行条件的优化,寻求解决后续缺氧段中硝酸盐与磷酸盐浓度的匹配问题,并在此基础上研究了改进后A₂NSBR工艺的除磷脱氮特性及其缺氧段的运行控制问题。结果表明：在厌氧释磷后插入一段曝气吸磷过程,控制后续的缺氧搅拌初始ρ(NO^-₃-N)/ρ(PO^3-₄-P)为1.15～1.3时,可以提高系统反硝化除磷过程的稳定性,可避免因ρ(NO^-₃-N)/ρ(PO^3-₄-P)过低而出现“二次无效释磷”现象,并可将pH在线参数由上升转为下降的峰值点,作为在线控制缺氧段反硝化除磷过程结束的依据;取SBR池的充排水比为0.67时,系统能为其缺氧段初提供的NO^-₃-N量仅约为进水NH⁺₄-N的40%;优化后改进型A_2<...     

水产养殖废水循环利用及多余藻类生物量资源化

论文采用多个池塘循环养殖生态系统,利用"藻类-螺类-鲈鱼-微生物"营养链关系对养殖废水中多余有机质、营养盐的去除,研究了养殖废水净化、循环利用及水体多余藻类生物量资源化。结果表明,在系统运行的各个时期TN、NO^-₃-N、NO^-₂-N的平均去除率都超过80%,对总氨(NH⁺₄＋NH₃)去除率达97.17%,效果最好;TP的去除率达94.17%,COD_cr的去除率为71.87%。出水口TN、TP、叶绿素平均值均达到湖泊Ш类水标准;COD_cr达到了Ⅰ类水质标准。NO^-₃-N、NO^-₂-N、总氨(NH⁺₄＋NH₃)、溶解氧含量都符合渔业水质标准要求。该系统处理能力的稳定性较高,可以调控藻类种群结构、充分利用水体藻类和营养物质、将其转化为螺贝类或者价格更高的鲈鱼等增加养殖效益,还可以节约水资源,减少养殖废水排放量。     

长株潭城市群PM2.5中二次无机离子特征及生成机制

二次无机离子是大气PM_2.5的主要组分,其对城市霾污染的驱动作用愈发明显.目前长株潭城市群秋冬季PM_2.5污染形势依旧严峻,但该区域的二次转化对冬季霾污染过程以及秋冬季SNA差异特征的影响尚不明晰.2020年11月和2021年1月在长株潭城市群4个典型站点进行PM_2.5连续采样,并定量分析了SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄等组分.结果显示,秋季和冬季PM_2.5中ρ(SO₄^2-)、ρ(NO^-₃)、ρ(NH⁺₄)平均值(μg·m^-3)分别为(5.2±2.5)、(7.9±4.8)、(4.1±2.2)和(7.2±4.2)、(17.1±10.5)、(7.8±5.2).在冬季霾污染过程中,ρ(SO₄^...     

基于DGT技术的黄河上游典型水库沉积物氮磷释放与污染源解析

针对黄河上游河库连通背景下水库的污染源解析不足的问题,基于薄膜梯度扩散和高分辨率孔隙水采样,分析了黄河上游典型水库——沈家河水库的污染特征和扩散通量.结果表明,清水河入库口水质为劣Ⅴ类,沉积物为重度污染状态.各点位上覆水可溶性磷酸盐（SRP）平均值低于孔隙水,表明沉积物SRP因浓度梯度向上扩散.各点位DGT-P与DGT-Fe的相关性及沉积物-水界面浓度差存在空间异质性,1号的沉积物DGT-P释放受Fe-P还原释放主导,2号的表层沉积物DGT-P释放能力较差,3号的表层沉积物DGT-P的释放能力较强,可根据释放机制采取不同治理措施.沉积物-水界面附近1号（4～8 mm）、 2号（8～20 mm）和3号（-8～8 mm）发生NH⁺₄-N浓度减小和NO^-₃-N浓度增加的现象.沉积物释放导致的TP、 TN和NH⁺₄-N负荷增加量分别占总量的100%、 78.3%和56.5%,表明沉积物释放是负荷的主要来源,但是清水河输入对氮的影响不可忽略.结果为黄河上游水库污染源...     

南京江北新区PM2.5中水溶性有机氮的污染特征及其来源

以南京江北新区2019年4、7、11和12月为代表分析了大气PM_2.5中水溶性有机氮（WSON）的季节变化特征,探讨了WSON与水溶性无机氮（WSIN）的关系.结果表明,南京江北新区PM_2.5中WSON的变化范围为0.446～4.200μg·m^-3,平均值为2.04μg·m^-3,略高于北京、上海和常州的观测结果.秋季PM_2.5中的WSON平均值最高[（2.967±0.643）μg·m^-3],约为其他3个季节的1.7倍.南京细粒子中WSON对水溶性总氮（WSTN）的平均贡献率占到25%,并表现出夏秋高、冬春低的特点,如冬季该占比仅为夏秋季的50%左右. WSON与WSIN中的NO^-₂-N相关性最高,与NO^-₃-N的相关性最低,可能与夏季高温导致NO^-₃-N的挥发有关.通过主成分分析（PCA）表明,南京江北新区细粒子中WSON主要...     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.