长江口及邻近海域夏季浮游植物分布现状与变化趋势

根据2000～2003年夏季4个航次的调查数据,对长江口及邻近海域浮游植物数量分布状况及变动趋势进行分析和探讨.结果表明:舟山渔场西部浮游植物平均细胞数最高(12 332.30×104/m3),长江口次之(3 961.38×104/m3),杭州湾水域最低(569.11×104/m3),长江口水域年间出现高值(1 000×104/m3)的稳定性明显高于舟山渔场和杭州湾;长江口(122°30′E以西)7月径流量变化是导致8月浮游植物总量年间变化的主要因素之一.浮游植物优势种群从单一种数量优势向多种群数量优势的方向发展,以往单峰型的季节变化和单一种主导浮游植物总数量分布的格局将有所改变.     

工厂化养殖方斑东风螺消化道及养殖环境中细菌数量变动与理化因子的关系

为掌握秋冬季方斑东风螺养殖系统细菌数量变动情况及其与理化因子的关系,试验采用TCBS培养法分别检测方斑东风螺（Babylonia areolate）消化道及其养殖水体、底沙弧菌数量（Sediment Vibrio,SV）,用营养琼脂培养法检测螺消化道异养菌数量（Heterotrophic Bacteria of Alimentarytract,AHB）,用荧光显微镜法检测水体总细菌数量（Water Total Bacteria,WTB）,并对养殖理化因子（水温（T）、盐度（S）、pH、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮（AN）、亚硝酸盐氮（Nitrite））及底质营养盐（总氮（TN）、总磷（TP））进行监测。结果显示,消化道异养菌数量为4.3×104~5.9×106 CFU/g,弧菌（AlimentarytractVibrio,AV）为2.0×102~7.5×105 CFU/g;水体总细菌、水体弧菌（WaterVibrio,WV）数量分别为4.8×104~3.8×105 cells/mL、2.1×102~1.2×104 CFU/mL;底沙弧菌数量为6.0×104~1.9×106 CFU/g。消化道内异养菌及弧菌分别与亚硝酸盐氮呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,与pH、盐度均呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;水体中总细菌数量与溶解氧呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,弧菌与总磷呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）;底沙中弧菌数量与各理化因子无明显相关性。主成分分析（Principal component analysis,PCA）结果显示,东风螺消化道细菌、养殖水体总细菌及弧菌、底沙弧菌数量在秋季主要受温度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮的影响,而冬季受水体溶解氧的影响更多,在整个养殖期间,需加强对盐度及pH的监控。     

2007年春夏季锦州湾浮游植物群落结构特征

研究了2007年春季和夏季辽宁省锦州湾16个大面站网采浮游植物的群落结构特征。共检出浮游植物4门38属59种,在两个季节的调查中硅藻在物种数量和细胞丰度上占绝对优势。春季平均细胞丰度为5.44×104/m3,主要优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata;夏季平均细胞丰度为9.73×104/m3,主要优势种为扭链角毛藻Chaetoceros tortissimus和劳氏角毛藻C. lorenzianus。锦州湾春季细胞丰度高值区位于湾西部和东南部;夏季细胞丰度则呈现西高东低的分布趋势。两季节浮游植物的Shannon-W iener指数值均较高,表明锦州湾春夏季浮游植物群落结构较稳定。     

繁茂膜海绵生物修复养殖水体中病原体的初步研究

研究繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)滤食近海养殖水体中病原体细菌.海绵处理海水24 h后,海水中总大肠菌群、弧菌和总细菌分别比初始数量降低55.%～91.%、55.%～96.%和25.%～95.%.海绵滤食总大肠菌群、弧菌和总细菌速率分别在4.～105./(h·g)、1.×104～3.×104/(h·g)和2.×106～48.×106/(h·g),且滤食速率随细菌初始数量的加大而增加.当初始细菌总数在55×104～250×104/mL范围内,海绵滤食细菌的速率与细菌初始数量成线性正相关,其斜率为0.2.     

杭州湾北岸奉贤水域大肠菌群和异养细菌的生态分布

通过2004年夏季对杭州湾奉贤水域有关微生物及其环境因子的检测,分析研究该水域大肠菌群、异养细菌的生态分布特征、污染程度及其与环境因子的相互关系。结果表明,该水域均不同程度地受大肠菌群和异养细菌的污染,其中大肠菌群在50~1700/L,属于国家二级海水,呈现近陆断面高于远陆断面的分布特征;异养细菌丰度在2.3×103~1.6×105/mL,应属于中度污染,呈现远陆断面高于近陆断面的分布特征。该水域浮游植物总数量平均值为1043.70×104/m3。通过对环境因子相关性分析发现,大肠菌群和异养细菌总数与叶绿素a有明显的正相关性,其相关系数分别为0.73和0.6179。     

舟山港潮间带生物体内的细菌学研究

对舟山港受排污水影响的表层海水和潮间带生物体内的细菌数量和种类进行了研究.在单齿螺、僧帽牡蛎、平背蜞体内共分离出60株菌株,使用API－20E系统进行细菌种类鉴定,其中优势菌为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌、浅黄华丽单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌等．一些动物和人类的致病菌如杀鲑气单胞菌、脑膜炎脓毒性黄杆菌也在其中出现.在潮间带生物体内和表层海水中各类细菌数量均较高,其中潮间带生物体内细菌总数平均为8×10⁵个/g、粪大肠杆菌数平均为9×10²个／g、弧菌数平均为1.5×10⁵个／g,不同的潮间带生物中,细菌数量相差很大.     

北京市不同季节室外细菌气溶胶分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

为了解北京市室外细菌气溶胶的分布特征,基于培养法分析了2020年9月—2021年5月不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径的分布特征,探讨气象因素(温度和相对湿度)和空气颗粒物(PM₁₀和PM_2.5)对细菌气溶胶分布特征的影响. 结果表明:①北京市室外细菌气溶胶平均浓度为447.10 CFU/m3 (每立方米空气中的菌落形成单位),呈春季〔(648.55±537.24)CFU/m3〕>冬季〔(324.50±181.99)CFU/m3〕>秋季〔(319.59±305.07)CFU/m3〕的特征,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度差异不显著. ②北京市室外约80%的细菌气溶胶直径大于2.1 μm,细菌气溶胶浓度在第2级(粒径为4.7~7.0 μm)显著降低,峰值粒径出现在第1级(粒径>7.0 μm). 粒径大于7.0 μm的细菌气溶胶在春季与秋季以及春季与冬季之间均存在统计学差异 (p均小于0.05). 可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶(≤4.7 μm)比例近50%(冬季、秋季、春季占比分别为61.0%、58.9%、41.6%),冬季空气中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例最高. ③Spearman相关性分析表明,室外环境细菌气溶胶浓度与相对湿度呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与PM₁₀浓度呈显著正相关(p<0.05),表明细菌气溶胶浓度受气象因素和空气污染物的影响. 研究显示,北京市室外环境中可进入人体下呼吸道的细菌气溶胶比例近50%,冬季细菌气溶胶暴露风险最高.      

2014年秋季大沽河河口浮游植物多样性研究

于2014年9月对大活河口附近海域进行浮游植物监测.共检出浮游植物45种,其中硅藻占93.3％,甲藻占6.7％.浮游植物丰度变化范围为38.5～837.5×104个/m3,平均为273.7×104个/m3.D6点位处丰度最高,D1丰度最低.运用Shannon-Wiener(H’)多样性指数评价,监测站位H’范围为0.94～3.43,平均为1.9.各站位中,生境质量优良站位仅有16.7％,一般的站位占8.3％;差和极差的站位占到75.0％.大沽河河口及附近海域浮游植物群落结构脆弱,生境质量较差.     

北黄海三类废弃物试验倾倒区海洋细菌的生态学研究——Ⅰ 海洋异养细菌的分布

本文报道了北黄海倾倒区水和沉积物中异养细菌的数量分布,分析了其菌属组成和季节变化。结果表明,本海区表层水中异养细菌平均丰度为:2.8×104个·L-1,表层沉积物为:3.6×104个·g～1。异养细菌数量垂直分布以表层水菌数最高,30m层次之,10m和45m水层菌数最低且相似,一般比表层少1个数量级,比30m层少近半个数量级,而且该分布趋势四季一致。夏季表层水中菌数比其它季节高约1个数量级,其它三季则没有明显季节变化。表层沉积物中细菌数量的季节变化四季基本无差异。 本海区异养细菌菌群由1了个菌属组成。其中,革兰氏阴性细菌在表层水中占优势,优势菌属为:黄杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、不动细菌属、假单胞菌属和黄单胞菌属。在表层沉积物中,革兰氏阴性和阳性细菌所占比例相近,优势菌属为:黄杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、棒状杆菌属和肠杆菌科。     

辽河口湿地沉积物硝化细菌及硝化作用研究

2009年6月和8月,采用现场培养和实验室模拟培养相结合的方法对辽河口湿地表层沉积物硝化细菌数量、硝化速率及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,辽河口湿地表层沉积物氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)数量6月在0.54×104～5.69×104个.g-1之间,平均值为(2.21±2.32)×104个.g-1,8月在1.90×104～7.90×104个.g-1之间,平均值为(3.61±2.87)×104个.g-1;沉积物潜在硝化速率6月在9.72～16.45 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(12.54±3.14)mmol.(m2.h)-1,8月在14.66～24.62 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(18.71±4.21)mmol.(m2.h)-1;净硝化作用速率6月(S1站)为0.41 mmol.(m2.h)-1,8月在0.20～0.53 mmol.(m2.h)-1之间,平均值为(0.35±0.16)mmol.(m2.h)-1.潜在硝化速率显著高于净硝化速率,AOB数量、净硝化作用速率和潜在硝化作用速率均表现为8月高于6月,芦苇根际效应对硝化作用有促进作用.通过SPSS 13.0软件统计分析,表明影响辽河口湿地表层沉积物硝化作用的主要环境因子有上覆水NH 4+-N浓度和沉积物pH、有机质、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、NH 4+-N含量以及AOB数量(p0.05),其中上覆水NH 4+-N浓度和沉积物总磷(TP)、NH 4+-N含量对硝化作用影响较大,是辽河口湿地硝化作用影响的关键因素.根据研究结果估算辽河口湿地沉积物硝化作用每天可以将1.14×105kg的NH 4+-N转化为NO 3--N,对河口湿地氮的循环具有重要意义.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.