基于GIS的泾惠渠灌区地下水储存量分析

为了分析泾惠渠灌区地下水储存量消耗情况,探讨GIS在地下水动态研究中的作用,通过1978年和2014年地下水动态观测资料,利用GIS空间分析工具和地下水储存量分析模型对灌区浅层地下水储存量进行计算,对不同时期地下水流场空间分布特征进行可视化展示和统计分析。结果表明:1978年,泾惠渠灌区浅层地下水平均水位为390.35 m,至2014年,浅层地下水平均水位为382.00 m,最低水位下降了7.90 m,最高水位下降了16.08 m,平均水位下降了8.35 m;1978—2014年,灌区潜水储存量减少了8.27×10~8 m~3,年均减少0.23×10~8 m~3。灌区西南部形成了经"燕王—崇皇—张卜—北田"等地,长约45 km、平均宽度约10 km的大型疏干区域,局部储存量约减少了5.60×10~8 m~3,占整个灌区减少量的67.69%。GIS能较好地应用于地下水储存量计算、空间分布特征获取、信息可视化和统计分析。     

泾惠渠灌区潜在蒸散发量的敏感性及变化成因

潜在蒸散发量(ET₀)是计算作物需水量的关键因子和制定灌溉制度的依据,敏感性分析对评估气候变化对ET₀的影响至关重要.根据泾惠渠灌区4 个气象站1961—2011 年逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith 公式计算日ET₀,应用Mann-Kendall 趋势检验方法研究气象因子变化趋势,采用无量纲的相对敏感系数分析ET₀对4 个主要气象因子的敏感性,结合气象因子的多年变化定量分析ET₀的变化成因.结果表明,泾惠渠灌区风速和日照时数呈显著下降趋势,气温呈显著上升趋势,相对湿度在南部和东南部呈显著下降趋势,而西部和东北部呈不显著的上升趋势,ET₀呈显著下降趋势;ET₀对相对湿度、太阳辐射、风速和气温的敏感系数分别为-0.77、0.41、0.16 和0.08;风速和太阳辐射的显著下降是灌区ET₀下降的主要原因.     

陕西泾惠渠灌区土壤-小麦体系中硒的空间分布特征

查明一个地区土壤和主食中硒含量及其空间分布特征,是探究该地区人体硒营养状况的重要基础.基于陕西泾惠渠灌区104个表层土壤样品和对应的小麦籽粒硒含量的测定,运用地统计的方法,对该地区硒含量的空间分布特征进行了分析,评价了土壤硒的有效性及其对人体硒摄入量的影响.结果表明:泾惠渠灌区土壤总硒含量变化为0.020~0.603 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.154±0.085)mg·kg-1,76.9%的地区处于临界缺硒状态,其中以阎良区土壤硒含量显著高于高陵区、临潼区、泾阳县和三原县;小麦籽粒硒含量为0.003~0.485 mg·kg-1,平均为(0.076±0.070)mg·kg-1,各地区间无显著差异,69.2%达到适度硒水平.造成土壤硒含量处于临界缺硒水平而小麦硒含量达到适度硒水平的原因是该地区土壤有效硒占土壤总硒含量的11.6%,硒的有效性相对较高.该灌区土壤和小麦的硒含量分布存在显著空间分布不均一性,在粮食硒强化中应综合考虑土壤供硒及作物硒吸收两个方面.     

气候与径流变化对泾惠渠灌区可持续发展的影响与对策研究

大型灌区对保障我国农业和国民经济的可持续发展、水安全和生态安全具有十分重要的作用,气候变化与人类活动造成的径流变化已经对其可持续发展产生了严重的挑战。该文利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法研究了泾惠渠灌区渠首来水量、气象要素和灌区水量供需状况变化趋势,分析其产生原因,并探讨了促进灌区可持续发展的对策。研究表明,泾河来水量和渠首引水量呈明显的减少趋势,灌区气温呈升高趋势,降水呈微弱减少趋势,灌溉亩次呈上升趋势,而灌区目前依靠大量开采地下水资源来弥补灌区渠灌水量不足,已造成了灌区地下水资源超量开采和枯竭,未来灌区供需矛盾将进一步加剧。为此,灌区今后应加强水资源统一管理,科学调控地表地下水水资源、涵养地下水源,增强灌区地表地下水资源的综合供水能力,加大渠道防渗衬砌工程建设力度,推广先进实用的田间节水技术等,以期为灌区建设和管理提供理论依据。     

内蒙古河套灌区地下水矿化度的时空变异特征

利用内蒙古河套灌区义长灌域地下水水位、水质资料（1996-2005）,结合地理信息系统（G IS）技术,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法研究灌域10年间地下水矿化度时空变异性。结果表明：1.灌域内地下水矿化度在1996-2005年间呈下降趋势（从1996年的8.5 g/L下降到2005年的约5.3 g/L）,且变异系数不大;2.地下水矿化度的变化受降水、蒸发、地下水位和引黄水量等多种因素的影响,蒸发与地下水矿化度达到极显著相关;3.1996年和2005年两个时期的地下水矿化度的实际变异函数和理论变异函数（球状模型）拟合较好,F检验达到显著水平。Kriging差值结果显示,两个时期矿化度的空间分布差异不甚明显。     

近40a来博斯腾湖水资源遥感动态监测与特征分析

湖泊水资源变化记录了气候变化和人类活动对区域水文过程的影响,及时、准确地获取湖泊的水资源变化信息,对认识区域乃至全球环境演变具有重要的参考意义。文章通过多源遥感数据,宏观、动态地监测了近40 a来博斯腾湖的面积、水位和库容等水文信息,分析了时间动态变化过程与演变特征。研究结果表明:在人类活动和全球变化的共同作用下博斯腾湖水资源总体呈现减少趋势,变化过程呈现波动性,依次可将整个变化过程可分为3个阶段。11972—1990年,博斯腾湖处于萎缩阶段。这一阶段湖泊面积持续萎缩,水位持续下降,水量持续减少,1990年最低水位1 045.32 m,湖泊面积为908.12 km2。21990—2002年,博斯腾湖处于显著扩张阶段。这一阶段湖泊经历了水位上升、面积增大和水量增多,其中2000年达到了峰值,此时湖泊最大面积为1 210.68 km2,湖泊最高水位为1 048.5 m,湖泊蓄水量约为90×108m3。32002—2010年,博斯腾湖处于持续萎缩阶段。博斯腾湖的水位、水量和面积呈现持续下降的趋势,2009年湖泊水位较2002年约下降了3.3 m,水资源总量减少了约38.56%。这一变化特征是一定时期内区域水资源补给平衡的结果,其变化原因既有气候波动的因素,也有人类活动的影响;但是在短期内,博斯腾湖水资源主要受到人类活动的影响。     

基于多源卫星测高数据的扎日南木错水位动态变化(1992—2012年)

湖泊水位的变化对区域气候变化响应敏感,可客观反映该地区水资源的时空变化,青藏高原的大部分湖泊缺乏实测水位资料,测高卫星的广泛应用为无资料区水位变化监测提供了一种新的有效技术手段。论文以扎日南木错为研究对象,利用多源卫星测高数据,获取该湖泊1992—2012年的水位序列,分析其20 a来水位的动态变化特征,并与其他数据源获取的水位序列对比。研究表明,1992—2012年,扎日南木错水位上涨了0.786 m,1999年前,水位以0.132 m/a速度下降,1999—2012年水位以0.144 m/a速度上升,总体呈现先下降后上升的趋势,与其他数据源获取的水位序列呈现的变化规律一致,且尤其是2000年后,扎日南木错春冬水位比夏秋水位变化幅度更剧烈。     

江汉平原典型湿地演化特征及其控制因素研究

江汉平原典型湿地具有重要的生态价值和经济价值。为研究江汉平原湿地演化特征及其控制因素,解译了2000—2018年研究区不同时期的遥感影像,计算了江汉平原湿地以及区内典型湿地(洪湖湿地、长湖湿地)面积的变化,并通过季节性肯达尔检验法分析了湿地面积随时间的变化特征以及降水量、地表水水位、地下水水位的动态变化和人类活动对江汉平原湿地演化的影响。结果表明:江汉平原湿地在空间分布上呈现西北面积小、东南面积大的特征,位于江汉平原东南部的洪湖湿地演化趋势与位于西北地势较高处的长湖湿地演化趋势略有不同;洪湖湿地位于江汉平原地下水排泄区,受到降水、地表径流和地下水排泄量变化的影响,人工养殖鱼塘对洪湖自然湿地面积的影响也较大,而长湖湿地位于江汉平原地下水径流区,其湿地面积的年内和年际变化相对稳定,主要是由补给湿地的大型河流水电站调蓄控制。     

内蒙古农业灌区水循环特征及对土壤水运移影响的分析

针对引黄灌区所面临的水资源问题及灌溉引起的环境问题,以内蒙古河套灌区为研究对象,从灌溉引水、用水、排水之间的转化关系为切入点,以地表水、土壤水和地下水之间的水量平衡理论为基础,定量研究了河套灌区在人类影响条件下的水循环特征.结果表明:灌区内的水循环过程为灌溉(降雨)-下渗-潜水蒸发类型,降水的影响较小,以灌溉水的垂向入渗和潜水的蒸发蒸腾消耗为主,地下水消耗量大于补给量,地下水位呈逐年下降趋势.通过HYDRUS模型模拟计算了河套灌区不同灌溉时期(作物生长期和秋浇期)葵花根层(0～40cm)土壤水的动态规律.结果表明,灌区葵花土壤的水含量在生长期呈下降趋势;在秋浇期呈上升趋势.土壤水渗漏动态与灌溉或降雨关系密切,生育期、秋浇期土壤水渗漏量分别与相应时期的灌水量显著相关.     

玛纳斯河谷水源地植被生态水位区间研究

干旱半干旱地区地下水对植被生长起着至关重要的作用,科学定量植被生长和地下水位埋深的依存关系对干旱区生态维护与修复意义重大。结合野外植被样方调查,采用高斯模型对玛纳斯河谷水源地区域植被特征与地下水埋深间的关系进行了分析,对研究植被生态水位区间的确定进行了探讨。研究结果表明,玛纳斯河谷水源地植被沿河谷洼地向东西两侧阶地呈显著的垂直地带性分布;各种植被多度与地下水埋深间的关系符合高斯分布,灌、草群落对地下水位埋深的响应有显著区别;地下水埋深在1~4 m最适宜灌木植被生长,其限制水位为5.5 m;地下水位埋深在0.5~1.5 m时最适宜草本植物生长,其限制水位为2.5 m。研究区总体的植被生态适宜水位区间为1.0~5.5 m,生态警戒水位为5.5 m,生态水位下限为9 m。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.