中国汽车行业钢铁物质流代谢研究

汽车行业在我国发展迅速,汽车行业的钢铁物质流代谢在整个国民经济的钢铁物质流代谢系统中的影响已不可忽视。研究中国汽车行业钢铁物质流代谢对再生资源利用产业、再制造行业的发展具有重要的意义。结合系统动力学方法及相关经验模型对中国汽车行业钢铁物质流代谢进行研究。首先通过Gompertz模型研究了世界主要国家汽车千人保有量与时间的关系,以此为参照设定中国汽车千人保有量随时间变化的相关参数。其次利用中国汽车行业钢铁物质流循环代谢的系统动力学模型,对系统关键流量、存量的动态变化过程进行考察分析,通过设定不同情景、不同寿命分布,研究中国汽车报废量、钢板和零件耗钢量随时间变化的规律,并探讨了零件再制造、汽车轻型化等问题。选取汽车千人保有量为260辆/千人的中等情景进行分析,考察时间为2011-2050年,结果表明报废汽车年折钢量与汽车行业钢材年消耗量比值不断上升,最终可达到1.2;再制造行业潜力巨大,零件再制造数量将近8亿件;延长汽车4 a寿命,可减少近一半的汽车报废量;通过轻型化,钢材年消耗量可减少18%,减少近650万t,累计减少1亿多吨钢材,节省大量资源,经济和环境效益显著。     

机械装备涂装行业有机固废处理处置研究进展

机械制造业是我国的支柱性产业,在21世纪以来得到迅速发展。但由于机械装备在涂装过程中会产生大量废水、废气和固体废弃物及其附加污染物,因此机械制造业涂装污染物治理一直是行业环境治理工作的重点。主要介绍了机械制造业涂装过程中固体废弃物处理处置技术及其研究进展,认为涂装有机固废资源化利用和无害化处理是今后研究的重点,采用循环经济的发展模式可有效缓解我国资源短缺和环境污染所面临的巨大压力,从而有助于我国社会的可持续化发展总体目标顺利实现。     

基于环保投入的区域环保产业发展空间均衡性分析

环保产业是我国战略性新兴产业的重要内容,近年来环保产业发展呈现高速增长的态势,年均增长率达30%以上,各地也将环保产业作为新的经济增长点.通过对基尼系数内涵的扩展,提出了环保产业发展基尼系数的概念.本文计算了中国2004年和2011年环保产业发展基尼系数,提出了以产业贡献系数作为判断均衡的因子.结果表明,中国环保产业基尼系数近年来呈上升态势,分别为0.35和0.42,说明环保产业空间分布变化较大,产业分布更加趋于集中.基于产业贡献系数分析,结合各地区环保投入力度及需求,提出了发展环保产业的重点地区与策略.     

我国低速汽车污染排放控制对策研究

本文基于本项目前期研究成果即低速汽车污染排放控制主要目标为降低NOx和颗粒排放,在概述当前我国控制低速汽车排放技术措施基础上,提出了进一步控制低速汽车污染排放的相应对策。以期为减少污染,保护环境,促进低速汽车行业健康发展提供政策参考。     

Ecodesign methods focused on remanufacturing

Understanding the product's ‘end-of-life’ is important to reduce the environmental impact of the products' final disposal. When the initial stages of product development consider end-of-life aspects, which can be established by ecodesign (a proactive approach of environmental management that aims to reduce the total environmental impact of products), it becomes easier to close the loop of materials. The ‘end-of-life’ ecodesign methods generally include more than one ‘end-of-life’ strategy. Since product complexity varies substantially, some components, systems or sub-systems are easier to be recycled, reused or remanufactured than others. Remanufacture is an effective way to maintain products in a closed-loop, reducing both environmental impacts and costs of the manufacturing processes. This paper presents some ecodesign methods focused on the integration of different ‘end-of-life’ strategies, with special attention to remanufacturing, given its increasing importance in the international scenario to reduce the life cycle impacts of products.     

中美制药工业水污染物排放标准比较分析

当今医药行业快速发展,是中国国民经济的重要组成部分,而制药工业废水污染控制也已成为影响规模化和可持续发展的关键问题。环境管理是政府管理职能和企事业单位经营管理的一个重要组成部分,对于制药工业,其水污染物排放标准体系更是环境监管和污染控制的基本依据。因此,通过分析比较中美两国环境管理体系和制药工业水污染物排放标准,得出两者各自的特点和异同,从而为进一步完善中国制药工业的污染防治和环境管理体系提供借鉴。     

Environmental aspects of laser-based and conventional tool and die manufacturing

Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies such as Direct Metal Deposition (DMD) have made it possible to eliminate environmentally polluting supply chain activities in the tooling industry and to repair and remanufacture valuable tools and dies. In this article, we investigate three case studies to reveal the extent to which DMD-based manufacturing of molds and dies can currently achieve reduced environmental emissions and energy consumption relative to conventional manufacturing pathways. It is shown that DMD's greatest opportunity to reduce the environmental impact of tool and die manufacturing will come from its ability to enable remanufacturing. Laser-based remanufacturing of tooling is shown to reduce cost and environmental impact simultaneously, especially as the scale of the tool increases.     

A critical assessment of motives for product recovery: the case of engine remanufacturing

Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in product take-back, product recovery and the (re-)distribution of these products. The automotive sector, in particular, has a strong history of product recovery operations, such as remanufacturing. Alongside this development, an academic interest in the management of re-use, recycling or remanufacturing has evolved and developed into the field of closed-loop supply chain management. Closed-loop supply chain management, however, is only characterised by a short research history, the earliest contributions can be found on reverse logistics and were published in the early 1990s. Due to the novelty of the field there are still a large number of unsolved research problems. One of these is the question for the rationale behind product recovery operations. This research is based on in-depth case studies within the remanufacturing facilities of a major European Vehicle Manufacturer. The article examines whether the ‘classic’ motives for product recovery are applicable to automotive remanufacturing. It concludes with a summary of the contributions this research makes to theory, to industry and to future research in the field.     

Technology-based industrial environmental management: a case study of electroplating in Shenzhen,China

Severe industrial pollution has largely hindered the sustainable development of China. Taking Shenzhen’s electroplating industry as a case, this article investigates the current status of the industry and proposes a specialized policy framework to push its environmental innovation. There is a relatively complete environmental management system in Shenzhen’s government, but it does not work well when dealing with the electroplating industry, mainly because it lacks regulation aiming at production technology, which is the underlying decisive factor of the environmental performance of the industry. So, we first develop an evaluation criterion, which incorporates a technological index about whether enterprises engage identified obsolete technologies. With this evaluation criterion, enterprises are classified into “advanced” and “obsolete”. Then, we propose specific policy suggestions for different types of enterprises, including command and control mixed with economic tools, voluntary agreements, establishing electroplating parks, and improving current management system. Finally, we assess the impact of the policy proposal and prove it to be conducive to the sustainable development of the industry and conclude it from a more general perspective.     

汽车使用对生态环境污染的分析研究

随着社会经济和汽车工业的飞速发展,汽车使用造成的污染日趋加剧。汽车在给人类带来便捷与文明的同时也成为破坏生态环境的元凶和能源的最大消耗者。本文在研究了汽车污染的类型、生成机理、特点和对生态环境造成的危害后,指出了汽车工业未来的发展趋势,即生产新型节能环保汽车。在政府倡导建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的背景下,加强对节能环保汽车产品的研发和推广,以推动中国环保事业和汽车工业的发展。     

科技促进环保产业发展的思考

加快环保产业发展是中国既定的促进经济持续健康发展的重要战略性举措之一。本文在梳理中国环保产业现状的基础上,重点从科技促进环保产业发展的角度进行分析,认为尽管科技在环保产业发展中发挥着支撑和引领作用,然而研发技术的单一性、关键设备的欠稳定性以及技术的经济成本过高等因素限制了技术对产业支撑作用的发挥。本研究认为,环保技术的研发应该充分与环保产业发展特点相结合,政府要加大创新型环保企业的培育,加强不同科技资源的统筹和衔接,完善科技扶持政策,加强创新支撑体系建设,鼓励商业模式的创新。     

基于生产者责任延伸的中国电子废物环境管理政策研究

电子废物具有资源价值性和环境污染性的双重属性,其循环利用及其污染控制已成为国内外研究的热点。在分析我国电子废物环境管理政策及取得成效的基础上,提出了当前制约我国该行业可持续发展的主要挑战和问题。最后借鉴日本电子废物管理相关经验,并基于生产者责任延伸原则,提出了完善基金补贴制度,加强目录外电子废物管理,加大电子废物处理企业融资扶持力度、进一步提升第三方审核机构的专业化水平,加强“垃圾分类回收”与“再生资源回收”的有效衔接,健全废弃电器电子产品回收处理信息系统等建议,以期为进一步完善我国电子废物环境管理制度体系提供技术支持。     

多孔陶瓷材料在高温气体干法除尘中的应用

随着科技的发展和人们环境意识的不断加强,环保产业的高科技化趋势日益明显,新材料技术在环保领域中的运用也越来越广泛。介绍了多孔陶瓷材料和该材料在高温气体干法除尘中的应用,并着重探讨了几种典型多孔陶瓷除尘器的结构特征和性能优缺点,通过比较国内外对多孔陶瓷材料在高温气体除尘中的应用现状,提出了该技术在未来的发展趋势和方向。     

云南省环境产业发展对策初探

阐述了环境产业的内涵,分析了全国及云南省环境产业发展现状和前景,从政府、企业、公众3个方面初步探讨了云南省环境产业发展对策.     

Eco-efficiency gains from remanufacturing: A case study of photocopier remanufacturing at Fuji Xerox Australia

Achieving eco-efficient production and consumption systems requires ‘closing the loop’ to create cyclic systems. Product systems based on remanufacturing, where used products or components are restored to ‘as new’ condition for reuse, offer the potential to create such cyclic systems. For some existing manufacturers, the economic efficiency of remanufacturing is clear and it has become a widely held assumption that such systems would also be more eco-efficient. However, this assumption has not been systematically tested. This research attempted to quantify the life cycle environmental benefits achieved by incorporating remanufacturing into a product system, based on a study of Xerox photocopiers in Australia. The study found that remanufacturing can reduce resource consumption and waste generation over the life cycle of a photocopier by up to a factor of 3, with greatest reductions if a product is designed for disassembly and remanufacturing. This research represents a first-level assessment, limited by certain estimates and assumptions. It is intended that this research will form the basis of a larger, more detailed study of Xerox remanufacturing, worldwide.     

我国煤矿矿山环境保护立法研究

煤炭作为我国重要的战略资源,对我国经济建设起到了重要作用,但煤矿的开采也给矿山生态环境造成了巨大影响,因此对煤矿矿山环境给予更多的法律保护具有必要性和迫切性。本文立足于我国煤矿矿山环境保护的现状,通过分析我国目前煤矿矿山环境保护立法现状及其存在的问题,从而对我国煤矿矿山环境保护立法提出了若干建议。     

汽车回收中实施生产者责任延伸制手段研究

对废旧汽车的回收管理的研究一直是国内外汽车发展研究的重点之一。随着各国"生产者责任延伸制度"在汽车回收行业的实施,汽车回收利用管理工作进入了一个新的阶段。文章对生产者责任延伸制度的定义和责任内容进行了探讨,并分析了基于生产者责任延伸制度的汽车回收管理在国外的实施情况。探讨了在汽车回收管理中的生产者责任延伸制的实施手段。根据我国汽车回收的现状,并参照国外先进的经验,提出了在我国实行基于生产者责任延伸制度的汽车回收管理的具体对策。     

Is European end-of-life vehicle legislation living up to expectations? Assessing the impact of the ELV Directive on ‘green’ innovation and vehicle recovery

The end-of-life vehicle (ELV) Directive in Europe aims to generate environmental gains through increased levels of vehicle recovery and a reduction in the use of hazardous substances. This paper presents an evaluation framework based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive. These changes relate to three areas: (a) vehicle design, (b) level of ELV recovery, and (c) information provision. We evaluate the extent to which expected outcomes have materialized since the establishment of the ELV Directive. Current information provides an emerging picture of the impact of ELV legislation. We show that legislative factors and market forces have led to innovation in recycling, increased hazardous substance removal and improved information dissemination. Such actions may be sufficient to reach ELV Directive targets and could have spill-over benefits to other industries. Carmakers are also taking steps to design for recycling and for disassembly. However, movement toward design for re-use and remanufacturing seems limited. Increasing the level of re-use and remanufacturing will be a key part of moving toward sustainable vehicle production.     

中国环境产业发展的政策选择

选择中国环境产业发展政策，首先要选择开拓环境产业需求的政策，并着重考虑环境产业的问题经济效益问题和加强环境产业的能力建设。对中国环境产业发展政策进行了研究与分析。     

推进工业领域污染防治的实施战略研究

通过对工业污染防治面临的主要问题以及未来工业绿色发展态势和国家环境保护严峻形势进行深入分析,指出"十三五"是中国工业面临转型升级的重要战略机遇期,并重点从推动生产方式绿色化、发展节能环保产业、推进清洁生产和循环经济、强化污染防治力度等方面提出了工业行业在推进污染防治工作中的总体思路和发展战略。