邢台市固体废弃物污染现状及防治对策

随着经济的飞速发展,人民对物质生活需求的不断提高,固体废弃物的产量呈现不断增加的趋势,成分也日益复杂.由固体废弃物引发的环境问题严重影响环境安全,其危害已引起人们的广泛关注.详细阐述了邢台市固体废弃物污染的种类、来源和危害,对目前常用的固体废弃物处理技术进行分析比较,并针对邢台市固体废弃物污染的问题和处理方式提出建议.     

抗生素与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应研究进展

随着越来越多的污染物进入环境,复合污染已经成为各类环境介质中普遍存在的现象,也是当前环境污染研究的重点方向之一。抗生素和重金属在环境中均具有持久性和毒性,且都对生态环境产生潜在长期的危害。重点论述了抗生素与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应,以期为今后探索抗生素与重金属复合污染环境风险评价和污染治理提供一定参考,并对未来该领域需要进一步研究的问题和方向进行了展望。     

探讨我国环境工程中大气污染的危害与治理

随着世界性经济的迅速发展和工业化水平的提高,人类生产生活对环境造成的污染问题也变得愈加严重,因此,环境的污染防治已经逐渐成为社会各界人士所关注共同课题之一。笔者首先介绍了现阶段我国大气污染的现状以及实际收到污染的程度,然后就如何进行大气污染危害的治理展开一系列分析,以备参考。     

固体废物治理进入污染防治主战场

随着我国城市化、工业化进程不断加快和人口不断增加,固体废弃物产生量逐年递增,废弃物成分日趋复杂,由此引发的环境问题和矛盾也日益突出。近年来,固体废物污染防治问题受到国家相关部门和社会各界的普遍重视和关注,其中重金属、危险废物和化学品对环境的污染被列为国家重点控制项目,固废综合治理已经进入污染防治的主战场。深化固体废物管理是改善环境质量、防范环境风险、维护人体健康的重要保障。固体废物管理涵盖过程、管理和技术三个维度,涉及从摇篮到坟墓的全过程管理。     

试论纺织化纤建设项目进行环境监理工作的重要性

随着纺织化纤工业的市场需求不断增加和新工艺、新技术的涌现,产生的废水污染、废气污染、噪声污染、固体废弃物污染等问题也日益严峻。加强对纺织化纤建设项目的环境监理工作的具有重要的实践意义。本文将分析纺织化纤行业的主要环境问题以及环境监理工作的工作要点和环节,为开展有效的纺织化纤建设项目环境监理工作提供参考。     

浅谈煤矸石的自燃及治理

煤矿开采的固体废弃物——煤矸石,已经和正在对煤矿矿区的环境造成严重的污染。煤矸石自燃产生大量的二氧化硫、硫化氢和氮氧化物等气体,已成为矿区大气的重要污染源。据测定,矸石山的自燃部分,在自燃过程中,每平方米每天要排出二氧化碳10.8kg,二氧化硫6.5kg,氮氧化物5.0kg。此外,煤矸石山爆炸和酸性淋溶水等也会对周围环境带来危害。因此,国内外都很重视自燃煤矸石山的治理和综合利用问题。为了探讨矸石山的自燃与治理问题,现     

清镇市固体废物现状及污染防治对策研究

清镇市随着职教城、物流城、工业园区的发展,固体废弃物的不断产生,也成为关注的环境污染问题。固体废弃物污染作为大气、水、噪声、固废等环境问题中的一种,给环境带来严重污染也正日益尖锐的摆在我们面前。本文分析了清镇市固体废物现状及存在的问题,并提出了一些污染防治对策。     

我国生态安全的现状和对策

我国大部分地域自然环境先天脆弱,人口压力大,作为快速发展中国家,经济发展快速且发展方式不尽合理,致使生态系统退化严重,环境污染不断加剧,环境问题日渐突出。面对这些问题,必须从源头保护生态,恢复已经退化的生态系统,治理与修复已被污染的环境并防止产生新的污染,阻断和减轻污染对生态系统和人类健康的危害,积极主动地应对全球变化对地球系统的影响,保障国家生态安全。     

土壤汞污染及修复措施研究进展

土壤汞污染已经严重危害到人类健康和生态环境,成为一个世界性问题,对其治理的各种修复措施也成为当前研究的一个热点。本文对土壤汞污染的来源、危害和修复措施等方面进行综述,指出了当前存在的问题,并对今后治理的研究方向提出了相关建议。     

浅谈固体废弃物环保管理的改革创新

随着我国经济建设的进一步加强,城市固体废弃物和工业固体废弃物成为了影响环境状况的一大难题。随着城市土地资源短缺状况和水土资源污染的情况加重,对于固体废弃物的管理显得更加重要。本文就固体废弃物环保管理如何进行改革创新进行探讨,同时简论固体废弃物的管理原则以及目前我国在固体废弃物管理中遇到的问题。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.