Two approaches for pollution prevention in the chemical engineering curriculum at UASLP

Two experiences related to pollution prevention (P2) curricula are described: An active learning course in environmental engineering (EE) for ChE students, and the development of “modules” for pollution prevention in an international mobility program. The first is approached in collaborative learning oriented to pollution prevention through process and product analysis and life cycle assessment; the second attempts to design and develop up to 17 modules around process integration tools in an exchange program involving eight institutions from three countries of North America, some 12 professors and up to 42 students. Modules support in-class and distance learning using a web-based platform.     

中国突发环境事件时间序列分析

突发性环境事件时间序列特征可表征环境风险管理成效及存在问题。研究表明2000年以来中国突发环境事件预防、控制与管理取得了显著成效,其中,突发性水污染事件、大气污染事件以及噪声振动危害年发生频次呈大幅度降低趋势,但固废污染事件自2003年以来的年发生频次变化不大,而其它突发性环境事件自2002年以来的年发生频次则呈快速增长态势,说明中国在强调突发性水环境和大气环境事件监管的同时,还需加强固废污染事件及其它类型突发环境事件的监控与管理。     

Pollution prevention and industrial transformation Evoking structural changes within companies

Pollution prevention has developed as an attractive method for improving the environmental performance of companies. Often the concept is promoted in a project format, for instance in a regional perspective or for a specific sector of industry. This article analyzes the contribution of pollution prevention projects to the transformation of industry. Different formats that have been carried out in the Netherlands during the last 8 years are evaluated in terms of direct results (implemented measures and their effects) and long-term effects. The main issue in this article is what contribution pollution prevention has in evoking structural changes towards more sustainable behavior in companies. The general conclusion is that pollution prevention is at least potentially a powerful and interesting concept. The current formats used to promote pollution prevention show some serious deficits, especially in failing to elicit a learning process within participating companies. The trend towards the use of quickscans as a prevention method is worrying in this respect. Some recommendations are given to improve future projects.     

Utilization of publicly owned treatment works to promote pollution prevention

Industrial production processes contribute the most diverse group of emissions to air, water, and land pollution. These forms of pollution were the initial focus of environmental regulations requiring control efforts. Under optimum conditions, industrial waste streams pass through some type of treatment to minimize toxicity prior to being released into the environment. Business, government, and interest groups have previously assumed that industrial productivity and environmental quality were diametrically opposed. In other words, enhanced industrial productivity resulted in environmental damage and, conversely, environmental protection resulted in costs to business. However, companies that have implemented pollution prevention (P2) strategies to address their environmental problems have usually found that their facility's productivity can improve, while at the same time waste and pollution can be reduced. Where previous environmental strategies focused on end-of-pipe control efforts, P2 strategies are implemented at the design or process phase. While there are many examples of individual companies successfully implementing P2, consensus shows P2 adoption by the business community advancing at a rate far slower than expected. Most government agencies that currently promote P2 are not typically viewed as credible sources of innovation by industry. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), however, may be able to capitalize on their dual status as respected members of the local community as well as experts in waste management thus serving as credible proponents of P2. The paper discusses how POTWs are working with industrial users to promote P2, as well as their interest in doing so and their requirements for technical assistance. Survey results are provided that describe how POTW personnel in the State of Illinois believe they could best promote P2.     

渤海海洋生态修复现状、不足及建议

为全面改善渤海生态环境质量,2018年,生态环境部会同有关部门组织实施了渤海综合治理攻坚战（以下简称攻坚战）,经过三年治理,在陆源污染治理、海域污染治理、生态保护修复、环境风险防范等方面均取得突破性进展。其中,通过生态保护修复累计整治修复岸线130余千米,修复滨海湿地8800余公顷,有力推动渤海生态环境质量持续向好。本文从修复规模、修复类型等方面梳理了攻坚战期间渤海海洋生态修复特点,分析总结了在滨海湿地、岸线岸滩和生态系统服务功能价值等方面取得的成效,探讨了在项目谋划、修复模式和资金来源方面的不足之处,从加强规划引领、提高技术水平、拓宽资金渠道等方面,提出了进一步完善渤海海洋生态修复的意见建议。     

松花江休养生息前后典型有机污染物变化情况分析

水质中的多环芳烃、多元酚这二类有机污染物因具有污染危害大、检出频率高、迁移能力强和难于降解等特点,一直是松花江污染防控的重点目标物。研究其在休养生息后的时空演变状态,探讨来松花江水质有机污染变化趋势,对松花江污染防治具有指导性意义。     

Local governments reduce costs through pollution prevention

The Pollution Prevention 1997: A National Progress Report identifies pollution prevention initiatives as potentially the most effective for reducing risks to human health and the environment, as well as the most cost-effective method of environmental protection. So it is no surprise that much of the implementation of pollution prevention by local governments has been driven due to the cost savings it provides. Pollution prevention initiatives have been proven to reduce costs, improve efficiency, reduce risk, reduce liability, and provide a safer work environment. However, as many local governments have experienced budget and resource reductions, their pollution prevention programs have been impacted. Local governments, working to continue pollution prevention initiatives in spite of declining budgets, have had to change their approaches, be creative, and innovate. Montgomery County, Maryland has implemented a number of pollution prevention strategies for its own County operations. The linkages established between cost savings they achieve and environmental benefits provided have been used to continue to expand the County's pollution prevention efforts. This paper provides an overview of the pollution prevention measures and approaches that have been implemented in Montgomery County for its internal operations.     

新中国成立70年来我国大气污染防治历程、成就与经验

自20世纪70年代以来,我国在经济持续增长、能源消耗不断增加的同时,及时缓解了各类主要的大气环境问题,有效避免了欧美发达国家曾经出现的严重大气污染灾害.然而,目前我国仍然面临着大气污染尤其是二次污染的严峻挑战.为此,非常有必要全面梳理与分析新中国成立70年以来,特别是自20世纪70年代至今,我国大气污染防治的历程、成就与经验.结果表明:我国在各阶段的大气污染防治过程中均取得了较为明显的环境空气质量改善成就与较为丰富的污染防控经验,并在此过程中形成了具有中国特色的大气污染防治理论与管理模式,构建了系统科学的大气污染综合防控体系.今后我国大气污染治理工作应进一步明确各级政府主体责任,强化重点污染源治理,继续调整优化四大结构,统筹兼顾,强化区域联防联控,强化科技能力建设,注重大气环境问题预测,加强环境科学与技术研究,共同推进大气污染防治,打赢蓝天保卫战.      

印制电路板清洁生产最佳可行技术以及污染减排研究

印制电路板行业属于高能耗及高污染行业,是我国实施清洁生产污染防治的重要领域。通过对印制电路板行业清洁生产污染防治技术现状进行分析,构建了清洁生产污染防治最佳可行技术(BAT)体系框架。对38家完成清洁生产污染防治技术改造的印制电路板企业进行调研,确定了印制电路板业清洁生产污染防治备选技术,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,综合评价印制电路板行业清洁生产污染防治技术。通过评价提出印制电路板行业污染物减排建议。     

闽江河口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物钒生物富集的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展前的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者空间扩展过程中的交错带湿地为研究对象，探讨了空间扩展过程中不同湿地植被的钒（V）生物富集特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明，空间扩展影响下不同湿地土壤的V含量在0~40 cm土层均表现为芦苇湿地 > 交错带湿地 > 短叶茳芏湿地；芦苇湿地和交错带湿地土壤的V含量垂直变化特征较为一致，并均于40~50 cm土层出现较高值.芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体增加了交错带湿地土壤的V含量，其均值相比短叶茳芏湿地增加了8.69%，而相比芦苇湿地仅增加0.21%.空间扩展主要通过改变湿地土壤的颗粒组成、EC以及植物的生物量、株高和密度来影响土壤的V含量分布.芦苇与短叶茳芏的V生物富集特征呈相反变化，这与二者竞争过程中植被生态特征改变以及其对V的竞争利用方式有关.此外，不同湿地植被均以根的V富集能力最强，且交错带短叶茳芏的V生物富集能力要高于交错带芦苇，这与二者在竞争生境中对V的吸收利用与转运的差异有关，交错带短叶茳芏可用于未来受V污染湿地修复的备选物种.研究发现，芦苇与短叶茳芏为应对空间扩展过程中的竞争可能采取不同的V富集策略，前者通过将富集到根中的V优先转运至光合器官（叶）的方式来保持相对竞争优势，而后者通过将富集到根中的V大量转移到地上主体（茎）的方式来抗衡来自芦苇的竞争.     

基于全过程模式的滇池水污染综合治理对策研究——以官渡区为例

在深入分析滇池水质现状、污染来源、水质演变、污染成因、治理现状及存在问题的基础上,探索滇池水污染源头减排、过程控制、末端治理相结合的全过程治理模式,实现统筹兼顾、系统考虑、多管齐下、长期综合治理,并提出适应新形势需求的滇池水污染综合治理对策.以官渡区为具体实践区,探寻通过“点、线、面”结合,全面开展滇池流域水污染防治,最终实现滇池水体保护,湖泊生态系统良性循环,经济、社会、环境持续协调发展的总体目标.     

攀钢片区大气中苯并[α]芘污染调查分析

通过对攀钢片区４个监测点近１０年来的苯并［α］芘监测结果进行统计，找出其规律，调查分析其主要来源，对苯并［α］芘的污染作出客观的评价，为防止环境污染和治理环境提供依据。     

天津市渤海综合治理攻坚战的对策成效浅析

天津地处海河流域最下游,紧靠渤海湾湾底,海河流域五大支流由此汇合入海,近岸海域水质长期处于劣四类状况,入海河流整体处于劣Ⅴ类水平,直排海污染源达标率较低。通过实施渤海综合治理攻坚战,2020年天津市近岸海域水质优良（一类、二类）面积比例达到70.4%,超过渤海综合治理攻坚战16%的目标值54.4个百分点,8条入海河流全部实现消劣,直排海污染源自2019年7月稳定达标排放。本文通过梳理陆域污染治理的关键性对策措施,从工业企业、城镇生活、农业农村等的污染治理以及直排海污染源和入海河流综合整治等方面,揭示近岸海域水质改善的质变过程,凝练“源头治理、通道管控”的治理经验,为巩固提升渤海综合治理攻坚战成效、深入打好重点海域综合治理攻坚战提供参考。     

京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制实施效果及完善建议

回顾了我国京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制发展历程,从目标效果、制度框架、措施手段等视角系统地阐述了京津冀地区大气污染联防联控机制的实施效果.结果表明:①京津冀地区大气污染联防联控的预期目标（2017年）基本实现,并且随着控制目标逐渐严格,已由年尺度细化至日尺度.②京津冀地区大气污染联防联控顶层制度框架逐渐成熟,运行机制逐渐健全统一,重污染应急管控预案趋向于成本有效性减排策略.③当前大气污染联防联控手段基本为命令控制型,在源头控制上主要采用新源环境准入、老旧源落后产能淘汰、燃煤控制与小规模炉窑综合整治等产业结构优化和能源消耗结构调整策略;在末端控制上,逐步规范和强化大气固定源排污许可证管理制度,实施精细化的移动源、面源排放管理模式.④建议加快建立京津冀地区空气质量管理常设机构,实现大气污染联防联控的长效化;建议实施区域性大气固定源排污许可证制度,在此基础上引入经济刺激型手段,建立基于京津冀地区空气质量改善目标的大气固定源排污权交易制度,让市场机制促使污染源进一步减排和污染控制技术水平的不断提升.      

重金属污染物在土壤中迁移规律及修复技术研究

世界各国都认识到重金属污染的严重性.多数国家开展了污染场地的修复工作,研究和开发出多种土壤重金属污染修复技术,重金属污染土壤修复技术有物理化学修复技术、植物修复、微生物修复技术和电动修复技术.但这些土壤修复技术的成本高,只重视土壤修复,土壤修复技术更重要的部分是地下水系统的修复,不能忽视地下水系统与土壤修复的完整性,否则会造成二次环境污染.本文在分析土壤中重金属污染物迁移规律的同时提出完整的土壤修复新技术CH-PRB工艺.     

都市中心城区扬尘管理定量化评估体系的构建及应用研究

扬尘是造成中心城区空气中颗粒物污染的主要污染物和首要污染因子,各级政府和相关管理部门针对扬尘污染采取了一系列防控措施。简介中心城区在扬尘污染控制的管理措施和技术措施,结合压力-状态-响应理论模型,并从扬尘污染状况,重点污染源达标情况,扬尘管理工作措施三大方面评估扬尘污染现状,扬尘污染压力以及扬尘污染控制响应,为进一步做好区域扬尘污染控制,采用了降尘量,公众对扬尘管理满意率等细化评价指标,构建扬尘管理定量化评估体系(DAI),并应用在都市中心城区,以便科学、有效地指导城市扬尘污染治理工作。     

欧盟的环境与资源保护——法律、政策和行动

欧盟是各个成员国之间为消除贸易的环境障碍,首先在环境保护的共同标准上进行协商和签订条约,所以乃是以环境为中心,覆盖资源保护问题。现在欧盟已成为超国家的地区主权的实体。欧盟的环境保护局已经成了一个大袋子,把环境保护、资源保护、自然保护甚至与工农业生产有关的问题都包括了进去。它的好处就是有利统一协调。欧盟的环境保护在４０多年中,走过了从各成员国自行负责到形成共同的法律和行动,从工业环境为主到全面生态环境保护,从治理污染到主动预防,从国家到区域到全球行动,在环境保护行动中欧盟将变得更为活跃和日益重要     

浅析宜昌市城区PM_(2.5)污染特征及防治对策研究

依据2013年白龙岗站点自动监测数据,对PM2.5污染特征及手工采集的PM2.5膜中水溶性阴离子进行分析,并结合实际提出相应的防治对策。结果表明,PM2.5作为首要污染物,其分布具有季节性特征,冬季最高,夏季最低;灰霾日PM2.5、PM10、SO2和NO2具有相同的变化趋势;NO-3/SO2-4的比值表明宜昌市呈现工业污染和机动车尾气污染的复合污染特征。     

巢湖污染现状与水质恢复措施

巢湖是属于国家"三河三湖"重点水污染防治流域之一。近年来,湖体营养过程加剧,生态环境受到明显损害,制约了流域社会经济的可持续发展。巢湖湖区水中高锰酸钾、总氮、总磷含量分别为4.9、2.48、0.227mg/L,水质类别为劣ⅴ类(重度污染);表层沉积物中总氮、总磷含量平均值为1065、587 mg/kg。要实现流域水资源的可持续利用,必须加快水污染综合治理。文章分析了巢湖污染现状,结合实际情况提出了治理对策。     

直流电压施加对Pb/As复合污染土壤电动修复的影响

重金属复合污染土壤的治理修复对环境污染防治具有重要意义。以河南某冶炼厂地表含Pb、As复合污染土壤为对象,通过施加不同直流电压对污染土壤进行电动修复,基于迁移率和形态变化对修复效果进行评价。修复过程中,分别对电流变化、Pb/As的迁移规律、土壤含水率、电导率、pH值以及Pb/As的形态转化进行研究。结果表明:施加的直流电压变化对土壤中Pb的迁移影响显著,而对As的迁移影响较弱;当施加直流电压为10 V时,土壤中阴极区域的As含量可降至43.18 mg/kg,当施加的直流电压为30 V时,土壤中阴极区域的Pb含量可降至334 mg/kg,先施加低压后施加高压更有利于提升Pb、As复合污染土壤的电动修复效果;修复完成后Pb和As的弱酸态占比降低,可还原态占比升高,土壤中的Pb和As含量低于GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中第1类建设用地筛选值。