氟化氢熏气对云南松、华山松、梨伤害阈值的研究

本文采用平顶式熏气室装置研究了云南松、华山松、梨对不同HF剂量熏气的反应。初步确定了上述植物对HF气体的伤害阂值,植物对大气HF的累积系数;还探讨了HF熏气对上述植物生理生化的影响。     

某些植物HF伤害阈值的研究

研究大气HF对绿化植物、农作物的伤害阈值,对于正确选择绿化树种,合理进行防污绿化,制定大气环境质量基准以及对农作物采取正确的保护措施等,具有极其重要的意义。 伤害阈值又称伤害临界剂量,即使植物叶片出现最初伤害症状(一般以5％叶片受害面积为标准)的污染物浓度和接触时间。 国外自六十年代以来即进行了较多的试验以确定植物的伤害阈值,而我国这方面工     

低浓度SO2长期暴露下菜豆的生长发育和气孔反应

本研究采用连续搅拌槽反应器系统(CSTR)对菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)进行低浓度SO_2长期暴露试验.结果表明,SO_2在植物可见伤害阈值以下抑制了莱豆生长,叶片气孔阻力随SO_2浓度的增加而增加.植物一旦脱离SO_2污染的环境,气孔就恢复到正常水平.切除子叶的菜豆生长明显受抑,但对SO_2敏感性和留子叶菜豆相同.     

O3对雏菊和矢车菊的可见和不可见伤害

人们对大气污染物使植物叶片产生可见伤害的观察已有五十来年的历史,近二、三十年来对植物生长以及生理变化的大量测定结果表明,污染物对植物还可引起不可见伤害(或隐蔽伤害),并且这种不可见伤害往往先于可见伤害。 本工作以草本植物雏菊和矢车菊为材料,观察叶片可见伤害症状,生长速度和叶、     

氟化氢熏气对蚕豆叶片伤害阈值的初步研究

前言为了制定地方性大气氟化物排放标准,保护农作物免遭氟化物的危害,有必要研究大气HF对农作物的伤害阈值。国外自六十年代以来即进行了许多试验以便确定大气氟化物对植物的伤害阈值。而我国采用开顶式熏气装置进行同类的工作尚属开始。本文采用开顶式熏气装置研究了HF熏气对蚕豆叶片的仿害阈值、蚕豆对氟化物的累积系数等,观将试验结果作一初步报道。     

二氧化硫与植物之间的剂量—反应关系的研究

本研究采用野外开顶式和CSTR熏气装置对小麦、大麦、棉花、大豆和菜豆等植物进行SO2急性伤害、低浓度SO2长期暴露试验,测定植物伤害阈值和剂量—反应关系,生长和产置的反应及其对新陈代谢的影响。 研究结果指出,在一定的浓度和暴露时间下,植物对SO2具有不固定的敏感性。根据植物对SO2的敏感性,提出了敏感性、敏感中等和抗性这三种类型植物的急性伤害阈值。剂量—反应表面图表明,植物产生急性伤害需要一定的起始暴露时间,植物伤害程度与SO2之间不呈正比SO2浓度和暴露时间对叶片可见伤害都有影响,两者相比,浓度是更重要的因素。 低浓SO2长期暴露对植物生长和产量有抑制作用,干物质积累降低,叶面积减少,植株矮小。一般说来,对叶的影响大于对茎和根的影响,产量与SO2之间呈负相关。 SO2污染引起植物叶片气孔阻力,细胞外渗液K₊离子浓度和相对电导率增加,并与剂量呈正相关。SO2造成植物光合色素减少,急性伤害加速叶绿素a的破坏,而低浓度SO2长期暴露却使叶绿素b破坏加重;并对过氧化物酸活性有诱导作用。      

二氧化硫和氟化氢单独和复合熏气对金荞麦影响的初步试验

在工矿区和城市周围大气中,植物往往受到二种以上有害气体复合污染的伤害。六十年代以来,关于气体复合污染(如SO_2 O_3、SO_2 NO_2、SO_2 乙烯、NO_2 O_3、SO_2 HF及SO_2 NH_3等)对植物影响的研究,日益受到重视,有的实验组合对某些植物的伤害表现为增效作用,如SO_2 O_3,SO_2 乙烯;有的则产生拮抗作用,如SO_2 NH_3;有的只是简单相加或彼此不相影响,本工作对孕蕾期金荞麦受到SO_2、HF单独和复合熏气所产生的反应、伤害症状及其对生长、发育和产量的影响进行了实验。     

空气污染的植物监测

空气污染能引起植物多种反应,利用这种反应可以监测和评价环境污染。植物对环境污染的这种指示或报警作用,早在100多年前就已被人们发现。Gridon(1859)和Nylander(1866)首先注意到烟雾和气体的发散造成城市附近地衣数量的减少。人们还发现一些工厂周围的植物出现特殊的伤害现象,后来研究才知道与烟囱冒出的SO_2等烟气有关,1942年在美国洛杉矶,发现一些植物叶片出现了不同于一般污染物如SO_2、HF等所引起的伤害症状,经过分析研究,才知道是光化学烟雾造成的。     

SO2、HF和SO2+HF的复合熏气对植物叶片的影响

有害气体的复合污染普遍存在于城市和工业区。为了解SO_2 HF复合污染对植物伤害的影响和有害物质含量的变化,我们于1982年对20多种4—6年生的盆栽植物进行SO_2和HF的复合熏气试验。从供试植物叶片看出,两种气体的复合熏气对不同植物有不同的影响。植物受害程度有的表现为增效作用,有的则小于两者相加作用。我们试验结果和Hofatra等人所作的结果相仿。     

酸雨对3种木本植物的胁迫效应

以对酸雨胁迫伤害敏感程度不同的桃树（Prunus persica）、蜡梅（Chimonanthus praecox）和木犀（Osmanthus fragrana）3种典型木本植物为试材,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨对3种木本植物叶片叶绿素含量,细胞质膜透性（L％）,脯氨酸（Pro）及丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响,以及光、暗条件对酸雨胁迫伤害的作用。结果表明,在酸雨胁迫下,抗性植物水犀的4项生理生化指标的变幅最小,其次是蜡梅,敏感植物桃树的4项生理生化指标的变幅最高,而光、暗处理对酸雨胁迫下3种木本植物叶片叶绿素含量影响不明显。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.