基于有限元数值模拟的碎石土滑坡变形研究

碎石土滑坡主要由降雨触发滑动而产生破坏,在多雨的山区较为常见。选择皖南山区典型碎石土滑坡——皂汰滑坡为研究对象,通过实地查勘,对其地质环境条件、结构特征和坡体稳定性进行了分析,并在此基础上,利用Geostudio软件建立有限元数值模型,对皂汰滑坡的变形特征和形成机理进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:皂汰滑坡的变形可分为碎石土堆积形成、冲沟切割及古滑坡形成和松散堆积体进一步蠕动变形三个阶段,数值模拟计算结果较好地印证了滑坡稳定性的调查结果和解析法判断。     

四川盆地红层找水打井工程与防灾减灾

在对四川盆地红层区找水打井工程和地质灾害调查研究的基础上,从红层区有利于崩塌滑坡发生的地形地貌、地质结构以及红层区斜坡变形破坏特征等方面阐述了红层区崩滑地质灾害发育特点,论述了地表渗水和地下水对红层斜坡变形破坏的影响、疏排水在红层区崩塌滑坡防治中的重要作用,论证了红层找水打井工程与崩塌滑坡防灾的联系,提出了纽层打井工程区的防灾减灾对策。     

雅鲁藏布江流域嘎贡沟巨型滑坡变形破坏模式及演化过程研究

中国西藏雅鲁藏布江流域嘎贡沟左岸发育巨型滑坡,滑坡堆积体堵塞河谷,形成高约130m的堰塞体。通过滑坡现场实地调查,室内滑坡区域地质资料收集、滑坡遥感影像解译、滑坡三维地质建模、滑源区斜坡持平投影分析和滑源区斜坡变形破坏模式研究,得到以下结论:河水对河谷凹岸的侵蚀作用不仅加剧了嘎贡沟滑坡的孕育和形成,而且控制了滑坡堆积体后期改造演化;嘎贡沟滑坡变形破坏模式为顺坡内J1优势结构面的滑移-拉裂;嘎贡沟滑坡主要经历三个演化阶段,即滑坡孕育阶段、滑移堵江阶段和堰塞体溃决阶段。最后提出了以"滑坡-堵江-淹没-洪水"为主线的滑坡演化地质灾害链。以期对青藏高原地区,特别是对高原大河大江河谷区巨型滑坡的演化过程研究和地质灾害防治提供一定的参考。     

安徽运漕地区隐伏地质体三维模型构建及应用

以安徽运漕地区为例,从地层与岩体特征入手,结合地质—地球物理信息,开展浅覆盖区隐伏地质体三维建模研究。介绍了划分建模单元及建立地质—地球物理模型和构建最终地质体模型的过程,针对区内侵入岩、浅成侵入岩发育情况,提出采用地层与岩体并行建模的思路,通过"先分后合"的方式构建地质体三维模型。最终的成果模型反映了研究区隐伏地质体的主要物性层(建模单元)、主要断裂与褶皱构造、岩浆隆起构造的空间展布特征,模型将区域重磁、断层展布、已知矿点与闪长岩类及三叠世周冲村组叠加显示,以三维可视化的方式标识了成矿有利地段的空间位置。     

大河口滑坡的特征及整治回顾

大河口滑坡破坏了铁路沿线设施和附近的建筑，为保证铁路的安全运营，必须立即进行整治。本文通过滑坡区的地形地貌、地质环境，对大河口滑坡的特征进行了分析，同时对滑坡整治措施及施工情兄进行了回顾     

某公路滑坡的变形机理与稳定性分析

通过对某公路边坡的变形破坏机理分析,表明滑坡的发生是由于坡脚的小规模开挖引发的局部变形破坏了坡体中原有的地下水排泄通道,使地下水水位抬升,从而使边坡稳定性进一步降低,造成变形破坏向坡体的上部发展,最终导致整体的滑动。稳定性计算表明,此滑坡整体稳定性差,需要作加固处理。综合分析地质条件后,选择抗滑桩和坡面护坡的方法来治理滑坡,并达到了较好的效果。     

南方复杂地形条件下1∶5万重力调查成果分析——以江西甲路幅为例

文章对江西甲路幅1∶5万重力调查实测数据进行处理与解释,推断并构建了甲路幅断裂构造体系,解释了主要断裂的形态、延伸及性质。结合磁测异常圈定了研究区内的隐伏岩体,并通过2.5D解释确定了主要岩体的外接触面形态与埋深;通过对区域典型矿床地质、物化探异常特征研究,结合地质、化探资料对该区成矿远景进行圈定与预测。通过研究构造、岩体、成矿三者之间的关系,认为断裂控制岩浆与热液的运移,进而控制隐伏岩体及内生型金属矿床的发育与空间展布。与其他物探方法相比,重力调查在解释断裂构造方面具有自身特色与优势,是配合矿产地质调查查明断裂、隐伏岩体及隐伏矿床的最佳物探方法之一。     

降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡的基本特征及滑动机制分析——以四川宣汉樊哙大桥滑坡为例

以宣汉樊哙大桥滑坡为例,分析降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡的滑动机制。在对滑坡区的地质条件、滑坡的基本特征和滑坡的变形过程等综合分析的基础上,探讨了降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡发育特征及形成机理。分析表明,降水对降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡起到了双重作用:一方面,河水对坡脚的浸泡、冲刷;另一方面,强降雨形成的雨水沿着坡面渗入坡体,在滑体与基岩接触面上形成滞水带,受地下水的浸泡泥岩极易软化,强度大幅降低,促使坡体滑动。深入研究樊哙滑坡的基本特征和成灾机制,对西南地区临河型滑坡的预防与治理提供一定的技术支持和借鉴作用。     

降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡的基本特征及滑动机制分析——以四川宣汉樊哙大桥滑坡为例

以宣汉樊哙大桥滑坡为例,分析降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡的滑动机制。在对滑坡区的地质条件、滑坡的基本特征和滑坡的变形过程等综合分析的基础上,探讨了降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡发育特征及形成机理。分析表明,降水对降雨条件下河流冲刷型滑坡起到了双重作用:一方面,河水对坡脚的浸泡、冲刷;另一方面,强降雨形成的雨水沿着坡面渗入坡体,在滑体与基岩接触面上形成滞水带,受地下水的浸泡泥岩极易软化,强度大幅降低,促使坡体滑动。深入研究樊哙滑坡的基本特征和成灾机制,对西南地区临河型滑坡的预防与治理提供一定的技术支持和借鉴作用。     

新疆塔县地震触发顺向坡失稳破坏机理研究

在新疆塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县(简称塔县)内,沿塔什库尔干河分布着众多大型岩质滑坡,均为地震触发的沿顺倾结构面失稳滑动的顺向坡,揭示它们的失稳破坏机理,对塔县境内众多顺向坡的稳定性评价具有重要的实际意义。以塔县一典型顺向岩质滑坡为例,在大量现场调查的基础上,获取了岩质滑坡的工程地质条件和基本特征,建立了岩质滑坡三维地质模型,并采用离散元数值软件模拟了岩质滑坡在不同加速度地震力作用下的变形与破坏过程。结果表明:原始滑坡的稳定性主要受地震力和顺向结构面的控制;当地震力较小时,滑坡坡体未发生变形破坏,但其有沿着结构面错动的趋势;随着地震力的增加,坡体沿着结构面错动的趋势愈发明显;当地震力增加到某一临界值时,坡体沿着结构面形成贯通性破坏面,坡体发生失稳破坏。该研究结果可为塔县以及其他地震高烈度区岩质滑坡的稳定性评价提供依据。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.