受氯代烃类污染的地下水环境修复研究进展

越来越多的地下水源正遭受氯代烃类有机物的污染,氯代烃类的地下环境行为及其污染环境的修复技术是当前环境学界的一个热点。目前修复这类污染环境的技术主要有抽出处理、渗透性反应墙和生物修复等。其中研究最多、应用最广的是利用表面活性剂强化抽出处理技术、零价铁降解氯代烃类的渗透性反应墙技术以及原位强化生物修复技术。零价铁反应墙如何长期稳定运行是目前的研究难题,也是该技术的发展目标。强化生物修复是具有巨大发展潜力的一项新兴技术,构建一个能同时降解多组分污染物的微生物生态群落并成功引入污染场地发挥最大功效,是地下水环境生物修复技术研究中的难点,也将是热点。     

微米铁复合生物碳源对地下水中1,2-二氯乙烷的高效去除

1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)是一类地下水中常见的难降解饱和氯代烃,为探究厌氧条件下零价铁(ZVI)协同生物作用对其降解规律,采集北京市某氯代烃污染场地地下水及含水层土壤,利用微宇宙实验体系,通过添加由微米级零价铁(mZVI)、生物碳源及营养组成的复合药剂,考察不同条件下1,2-DCA的去除效果,并对地下水理化参数的变化进行长期监测.结果表明:复合药剂添加量为3%时,恒温、避光、匀速振荡的反应条件下,15 d内地下水中的1,2-DCA即可降至低于检出限.中性pH及SO_4~(2-)的存在更有利于1,2-DCA的脱氯降解. 30 d后仅检测到体系中明显的乙烯产生,推测双脱氯消除为1,2-DCA在该体系内的主要降解途径.此外,复合药剂加入后,地下水可长时间维持较低的氧化还原电位(-100～-300 m V)、溶解氧(0. 5 mg·L~(-1))以及适宜的pH值(6. 5～7. 5),利于厌氧微生物活性的维持及脱氯反应的进行.     

基于正交试验法的零价铁降解水环境中的氯代烃

氯代烃的生产和应用给环境水体带来的污染日益严重,可利用零价铁零价铁对其进行还原脱氯以达到去除的目的。本文采用正交试验法,将零价铁对氯代烃的去除率作为考察指标,研究pH值、零价铁粒径和振荡速率3个因素对氯代烃去除率的影响,结果表明:3个影响因素的重要性表现为pH值零价铁粒径振荡速率,且pH值具有极显著影响;最优水平下的零价铁对氯代烃具有较好的降解效果,且零价铁对TCE和PCE的降解符合准一级反应。     

微米铁复合生物碳源对地下水中1,2-二氯乙烷的高效去除

1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)是一类地下水中常见的难降解饱和氯代烃,为探究厌氧条件下零价铁(ZVI)协同生物作用对其降解规律,采集北京市某氯代烃污染场地地下水及含水层土壤,利用微宇宙实验体系,通过添加由微米级零价铁(mZVI)、生物碳源及营养组成的复合药剂,考察不同条件下1,2-DCA的去除效果,并对地下水理化参数的变化进行长期监测。结果表明:复合药剂添加量为3%时,恒温、避光、匀速震荡的反应条件下,15d内地下水中的1,2-DCA即可降至低于检出限。中性pH及SO42-的存在更有利于1,2-DCA的脱氯降解。30d后仅检测到体系中明显的乙烯产生,推测双脱氯消除为1,2-DCA在该体系内的主要降解途径。此外,复合药剂加入后,地下水可长时间维持较低的氧化还原电位(-100~-300mV)、溶解氧(0.5mg·L-1)以及适宜的pH值(6.5~7.5),利于厌氧微生物活性的维持及脱氯反应的进行。     

上海浦东某氯代烃场地地下水污染现状调查

氯代烃曾经广泛用作工业清洗剂,由于过度使用和储存不当,造成严重的土壤和地下水污染.本研究选取上海浦东某1,1,1-三氯乙烷(1,1,1-TCA)污染场地作为研究对象,连续5年观测了75个监测井的地下水样品氯代烃分布.采用吹扫捕集和气相色谱联用法检测了地下水样品中氯代烃的种类和浓度,运用GMS软件构建了污染场地水文地质模型和氯代烃污染羽分布图.结果表明,氯代烃污染羽主要分布在5个区域,面积达5000 m2左右,深度主要在地下4~8 m的粘土层中,污染土壤和地下水总量为50000 m3左右;2号区域的污染情况最为严重,氯代烃浓度范围为10~1700 mg·L~(-1),发现50 m3左右的自由相(DNAPL).研究结果将为揭示该场地污染物迁移转化规律,为后续的人体健康风险评估和制定修复方案提供数据支撑.     

电子供体刺激下厌氧微生物对1, 2-二氯乙烷的降解效果

通过添加电子供体进行原位生物刺激可有效降解地下水中的氯代烃,目前国内外常采用接种高效微生物的方法强化这一降解过程,鲜见仅利用实际污染场地含水层土著菌开展的生物降解试验.从北京市某氯代烃污染场地采集地下水样品,仅接种场地含水层沉积物,利用微宇宙实验体系,初步探讨了添加不同种类和质量浓度的电子供体对地下水中1,2-二氯乙烷的去除效果影响.结果表明:①同时添加初级生长基质和电子供体对反应体系进行生物刺激可显著降解地下水中的1,2-二氯乙烷.60 d后,添加1 g/L醋酸钠的反应体系中1,2-二氯乙烷的去除率最高,可达93.9%;添加1 g/L的乳酸钠反应体系次之,去除率为82.2%;添加1 g/L的乳酸的反应体系去除率最低,为61.8%.并且添加醋酸钠的试验体系可长时间维持中性pH及较低的氧化还原电位.②相同条件下,对同种电子供体来说,添加量为1 g/L的试验组中1,2-二氯乙烷的降解效果优于添加量为2 g/L的试验组,推测较高质量浓度的电子供体可对微生物的生命活动产生抑制.③对反应体系中间产物进行监测,仅监测到了乙烯的产生,表明在试验周期内无明显毒副产物积累,1,2-二氯乙烷的降解较为彻底.研究显示,醋酸钠为该试验体系中最适电子供体,添加适宜质量浓度醋酸钠对土著菌进行生物刺激可实现对1,2-二氯乙烷的绿色降解.      

典型农药污染场地地下水中氯代脂肪烃自然衰减研究

氯代脂肪烃（CAH）污染地下水在我国化工行业场地中十分普遍,严重影响场地再开发利用和周边居住人群的健康安全.监测自然衰减（MNA）修复技术是污染场地地下水修复技术中最具有效性和高成本效益的方法之一,而目前我国应用MNA技术修复污染场地还处于试点阶段,没有完整实施MNA技术的工程应用实例.以某农药场地地下水中CAH为研究对象,从CAH污染物的浓度变化、天然生物降解现状评价和衰减速率3个方面开展为期4年的CAH自然衰减修复实践研究.研究结果表明,监测井MW2-1为核心污染区,主要污染物为1,2-二氯乙烷（1,2-DCA）、氯乙烯（VCE）、氯仿、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烷和氯乙烷,浓度呈波动式下降趋势,且下降趋势明显.除了MW2-1的VCE和1,2-DCA、MW2-5的VCE以及MW2-2的1,2-DCA的浓度高于风险控制值,其他点位污染物浓度均低于相应风险控制值.基于典型地球化学参数开展的微生物降解评估结果表明,该地块大部分区域微生物降解能力不足,而在污染物浓度比较高的监测点位,微生物具有显著的降解能力.地下水中CAH衰减速率范围为0.0001～0.0040 d^-1...     

多孔饱和含水介质三氯乙烯污染的微米零价铁修复实验

三氯乙烯是分布较普遍且难以降解的一类土壤与地下水污染物,零价铁作为一种氯代烃污染修复材料一直备受关注,而微米零价铁(mZVI)可否成为高效材料应用于污染修复工程,则需要进一步研究。实验构建了受三氯乙烯(TCE)污染的砂柱,考察研究mZVI目数、投加量及介质粒径对三氯乙烯去除效果的影响。结果表明:mZVI对三氯乙烯的短期去除效果明显,去除率达到99%。mZVI目数与TCE去除率呈正相关,在砂柱孔隙水TCE初始浓度为105 μg/L时150 g的Fe0投加量能够表现很强的去除效果,同时细砂(<0.075 cm)介质要比粗砂(0.075~0.15 cm)还原去除速率高。mZVI还原修复过程引起的水环境变化主要体现在氧化还原电位平均下降170 mV,从氧化态转化至还原态。研究结果显示,mZVI在土壤与地下水污染修复中具有广阔应用前景,对土壤与地下水有机氯代烃污染治理具有借鉴价值。     

地下水氯代烃污染修复技术研究进展

氯代烃作为重要的化工原料被广泛应用,使用过程中的跑冒滴漏已使其成为地下水中最常检测出的有毒有害污染物之一,严重影响人体健康与生态环境安全.为更清楚地了解地下水中氯代烃污染特点与修复技术发展现状,首先对地下水中氯代烃迁移转化特征进行梳理,分析并总结氯代烃多相态、多介质赋存状态以及影响其迁移转化的因素;其次,归纳阐述不同赋存状态下氯代烃适用的修复技术,包括试验研究与实际场地修复方面的研究进展以及修复过程中存在的问题;最后,结合当前研究现状,对氯代烃修复技术的发展方向进行展望.调查研究表明,PRB技术墙体新介质、缓释氧化剂及污染物靶向修复材料的开发、高抗性且生存能力强的工程菌培育以及修复技术之间的联用将是地下水氯代烃污染治理的发展方向;同时,在修复技术的选择与联用上,必须遵循技术与场地水文地质条件相适应的修复思路.      

异位土壤气相抽提修复技术在北京某地铁修复工程中的应用实例

北京某地铁污染土壤修复工程采用异位土壤气相抽提修复施工方案。根据场地污染物的特性及修复场地实际情况,设计了异位土壤气相抽提修复系统,并通过中试研究获得了系统运行参数,验证了系统的修复效果,最终工程实施结果表明:所采用的异位SVE技术对主要污染物1,2-二氯乙烷、氯乙烯、氯仿和总石油烃(C_6-C_9)在土壤中的去除率达92.02%~99.07%。异位SVE在本修复工程中的成功应用,为今后类似污染场地土壤异位修复问题提供工程技术参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.