册田水库水质变化趋势及治理措施

通过对册田水库干、支流水质监测断面污染因素的分析,并结合近10a来册田水库出口断面水质污染指数变化情况,揭示了近年来册田水库水质恶化的原因,针对这些因素提出了改善水库水质的具体措施.     

武水河水质时空分布特征及污染成因的解析

运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法,对2013—2015年武水河流域7个监测断面的11个水质指标数据进行分析,揭示武水河水质时空分布差异性,辨识主要污染因子,解析污染成因.2013—2015年,流域水质整体较好,尚存在不达标断面.长河水库和黄岑水库出现NH_3-N超标现象,岑水桥和芙安河老桥断面出现重金属As超标现象,但NH_3-N和As浓度趋于降低.武水河流域监测断面水质由高到低的顺序为:水库断面支流断面干流断面.2013年,流域主要污染因子为NH_3-N、TN和As,主要源自农业面源污染和工业污染;2014年,流域主要污染因子为COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N、TP,主要源于生活污水和工业污染;2015年,流域主要污染因子为BOD_5、粪大肠杆菌、pH,主要来源生活污水和畜禽养殖.因此,流域内工业污染和农业面源污染对水质的影响逐年降低,生活污水和畜禽养殖对水质的影响逐年增大.流域内通过建设污水处理厂,实施重金属综合治理等项目,减少污染物排放,改善流域水环境质量.     

金泽水库上游来水及库区水质变化时空分布特征

金泽水库是上海西南五区的主要饮用水源,上游太浦河来水及库区水质变化对水库运行和相应供水系统供水水质有重要影响.基于常规水质指标应用主成分分析法评价了不同季节金泽水库上游来水及库区水质变化;利用平行因子(PARAFAC)分析了金泽水库上游来水及库区水中荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)组成结构及分布特征;通过相关性分析分析了水体荧光强度与常规水质指标间的关系.结果表明,金泽水库上游来水及库区冬季水质最差,库外断面水质受外源污染逐步恶化,经过库区生态净化作用后水质有所提升;水体FDOM主要由类蛋白类和类腐殖质类组分构成,类蛋白物质为主要组分,各组分呈现出明显的时空分布特征,外源污染是影响库外断面FDOM总荧光强度的主要因素,生态环境是影响库内FDOM总荧光强度季节性波动的主要因素. FDOM总荧光强度呈现上游低下游高的趋势,与水中NH4+-N、石油类、TOC、氯化物和硫酸盐含量显著相关,通过检测FDOM总荧光强度可实现对水体水质的快速分析并发挥预警和指示作用.     

大沽河干流青岛段水污染现状调查评价及防治对策

根据1995～2001年大沽河干流青岛段的水质监测资料,选用产芝水库出口、江家庄、沙湾庄、麻湾庄四个监测站位,利用单因子污染指数法对大沽河干流青岛段的水质污染现状进行了调查评价.结果表明,研究区段的上游产芝水库水质较好, 中游江家庄断面水质较劣于沙湾庄断面,其主要受控参数为生化需氧量(BOD5)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮.麻湾庄断面处主要超标项目有氨氮、CODMn和BOD5等.并对水质的变化趋势进行线性分析,对大沽河水污染提出了相应的防治对策和建议,为进一步进行水污染控制及规划提供科学依据.     

太子河流域辽阳段河流水质污染状况分析

对太子河流域辽阳段河流水质状况进行分析,得出辽阳地区的河流污染主要代表项目为COD和总磷,平均超标率分别为50％和62．5％。朝光断面和孟柳断面的水质污染较为严重。北沙河和汤河的水质状况比较好。蓡窝水库由于接纳本溪市工业废水和生活污水,导致库中的以挥发酚为代表的有机污染严重。     

二龙山水库水质分析评价

本文从二龙山水库自然状况入手。着重分析了水库水质情况,给出了各断面的有机污染及重金属沉积评价结果,为合理利用二龙山水库水资源提供了科学依据。     

浑江水库水质总氮超标原因分析与控制对策

文章通过分析浑江水库近9年的水质总氮年变化趋势和库区上游来水、农业面源污染、居民生活污染等因素的关系,初步分析了浑江水库水质总氮超标的原因,并对其超标原因提出了防止污染的具体措施。     

非点源污染影响下清河水库小流域水质模糊综合评价

针对铁岭市2011年饮用水源地清河水库小流域内水质状况,建立模糊综合评价数学模型,通过分析非点源污染对水质的影响进行水污染风险综合评价。目的是定量分析评价清河水库水环境质量现状和存在的问题。计算结果表明:清河水库小流域水质较差,水库入口、红花甸、聂家沟、曾家屯、腰堡的水质均属于V类水,说明水库水质已受到严重污染,而非点源污染是造成水库水质污染和波动性变化的主要原因和影响因素,急需进行科学的治理,否则将带来严重的环境、经济和社会损失。     

黄河干流中卫新墩断面水质状况及预测

为评价黄河干流中卫新墩断面近年水质状况及水质变化趋势,文章采用综合污染指数法对新墩断面2004年以来的水质状况进行了分析。结果表明：新墩断面水质达到功能区水质要求,受到轻微污染,水质一般。在此基础上,文章利用GM（1,1）模型,借助Matlab软件,拟合了新墩断面未来水质污染变化方程,得出了新墩断面未来水质将进一步好转的结论。     

南城子水库水质现状与保护对策

根据昌图县南城子水库引水工程的需要,对该水库水质及其流域自然、社会、污染源和生态环境现状进行调查研究,得出该水库水质“七五”期间轻污染,“八五”期间中污染,主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数和总磷的结论,分析污染因素,提出水源保护对策．     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.