太滆南运河入湖污染物控制对策研究

太滆南运河是太湖15条入湖河流之一,水环境质量日益恶化,呈现出明显的氮磷污染特征,成为影响该区域可持续发展的主要问题之一,基于太滆南运河小流域和水质污染分段的特征,计算了研究区域的水环境容量和污染物削减量。以区域内分段入河河流环境容量为前置约束条件,以构建保障太湖入湖水环境安全的三道生态屏障为重点,以控源截污为主要手段,开展太滆南运河水环境生态系统修复,提高入湖河流的生态承载能力,确保入湖水质达标。     

太湖流域漕桥河污染物来源特征

基于对太湖流域漕桥河小流域主要污染物来源构成和污染特征的分析,对污染物入河量进行了计算和修正. 结果表明:漕桥河的COD_Cr入河总量为1 639.9 t/a,主要来源于工业污染和城镇生活污染;氨氮入河总量为174.6 t/a,主要来源于农业面源和工业污染;总氮和总磷入河总量分别为491.0和34.7 t/a,主要来源于农业面源和城镇生活污染. 同时,针对河网地区水系错综复杂的特性,将客水污染纳入污染源范畴,核定客水量,为有效改善河流水环境质量提供了依据.      

太湖上游水环境对植物分布格局的影响机制

对北太湖上游流域的苏南第二大湖泊滆湖及其入太湖的主要河流(太滆运河与漕桥河)的水质和水生植被开展调查、评价与环境生态学研究。调查结果表明所有样点水质均超富营养化,尤以太滆运河与漕桥河的水体污染为甚。通过PCA综合评价,河流绝大多数河段已是Ⅳ类水体,滆湖也已呈Ⅲ类水体。对水生植物类群调查而言,调查发现太隔运河和漕桥河中上游河段水生植物多样性指数均很小,凤眼莲、芦苇和菰为优势种,沉水植被分布很少,群落退化严重,耐污种篦齿眼子菜和水盾草占优势;在湖泊中心区,沉水植物已完全退化。聚类分析发现所调查的植物可分为3大类群。PCO和CCA分别表明河流与湖泊所在的样点间的水体理化性状出现很明显的分离;该流域水体中不同形态N、P含量或底泥N、P含量主要影响水生植物种类组成和分布。     

从水质变化趋势看常州市武南区域重点河流治理成效

为探究武南区域重点河流水质的变化规律、驱动因素以及河流治理成效,基于2006~2018年连续水质监测数据,综合分析了4条重点河流（太滆运河、武宜运河、武进港和永安河）水质演变趋势,并对污染较重的永安河各项水质指标进行了季节性分析和相关性分析.结果表明：2006~2018年,4条河流水质整体呈好转趋势,修正内梅罗指数分别下降36.2%,31.5%,56.4%,48.7%,受河流清淤工程影响,永安河2017年水质有所下降;4条河流氨氮浓度、总氮浓度与高锰酸盐指数下降趋势明显（P<0.05）,总磷浓度则存在一定波动;永安河的总氮、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数间或存在同源关系,氨氮和总氮季节性变化明显,雨季浓度低于旱季,总磷和高锰酸盐指数没有明显季节性变化趋势;城镇化发展与产业结构由传统工业、农业向第三产业的转变均对区域水环境改善有积极作用.     

通吕运河控制断面水质达标分析

文章通过通吕运河规划区域内南通主城区、通州区、海门市、启东市污染物现状入河量和预测量的计算,将通吕运河全线划分为四个水质控制断面,并采用河流一维稳态水质模型对通吕运河沿程水质变化情况进行数值模拟,进行通吕运河四个控制断面水质达标分析,得出选定的四个控制断面水质在不同的污染物入河量时达到地表水环境功能区水质目标需要削减的化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷的排放量,为通吕运河的水环境综合整治提供技术支撑。     

武宜运河小流域平原河网地区氮磷污染来源解析

采用源解析法对工业污染源、生活污染源、农业面源(含种植业、养殖业)进行分析,并统计分析了武宜运河全线水质现状。结果表明,农业面源是武宜运河流域总氮、总磷污染的主要来源,且以养殖业为主,生活污染源是太湖流域氨氮污染的主要来源,且以农村生活污水为主;武宜运河水质以氮磷污染为主,总氮污染最为严重。武宜运河核心区研究范围占总研究范围的比例为35%,总氮、氨氮和总磷入河量分别占研究范围内各类污染物总入河量的42.8%,45.0%,34.1%,污染分布重点区域为武进前黄镇、牛塘镇及宜兴和桥镇所辖行政村。研究范围内农业面源污染分布重点区域为武进前黄镇、牛塘镇、宜兴屺亭街道及和桥镇;生活污染源氮磷污染物排放主要来自高新区及牛塘镇的农村生活污水排放,其次是屺亭街道和前黄镇的农村生活污水。     

流域污染负荷解析与环境容量研究——以安徽太平湖流域为例

以安徽省太平湖流域为例,运用监测、统计数据以及排污系数法对流域内8种污染源的污染排放情况进行全面解析,结合一维水质模型、沃伦威得尔模型以及狄龙模型等水质模型的应用,在流域水质监测的基础上核算了太平湖及主要入湖河流的水环境容量.结果表明,2011年,太平湖流域污染物入湖量为:COD 3863.75t/a,NH3-N 410.24t/a,TP 51.63t/a;城镇和农村生活污染为太平湖流域的主要污染源,约占流域入湖污染物总量的60%;麻川河和浦溪河流域的污染最严重;流域污染物的排放在空间上呈现较为明显的区域分布,经济发达区域污染相对较严重.在当前水质目标下,太平湖仍有相当大的可用容量;浦溪河、秧溪河和舒溪河流域的氨氮和总磷排放量接近环境容量,需进行总量控制及削减.     

流域污染负荷解析与环境容量研究

以安徽省太平湖流域为例,运用监测、统计数据以及排污系数法对流域内8种污染源的污染排放情况进行全面解析,结合一维水质模型、沃伦威得尔模型以及狄龙模型等水质模型的应用,在流域水质监测的基础上核算了太平湖及主要入湖河流的水环境容量.结果表明, 2011年,太平湖流域污染物入湖量为:COD 3863.75t/a, NH3-N 410.24t/a, TP 51.63t/a;城镇和农村生活污染为太平湖流域的主要污染源,约占流域入湖污染物总量的60%;麻川河和浦溪河流域的污染最严重;流域污染物的排放在空间上呈现较为明显的区域分布,经济发达区域污染相对较严重.在当前水质目标下,太平湖仍有相当大的可用容量;浦溪河、秧溪河和舒溪河流域的氨氮和总磷排放量接近环境容量,需进行总量控制及削减.     

流域水质与点源污染关系的监测研究

点源污染物排放与流域水质目标的关系是当前环境管理亟待解决的技术关键问题之一。笔者通过点源排放口—入河排污口—目标河流断面三位一体监测系统运行机制探讨,利用点源排放口与入河排污口同步监测结果分析入河系数,利用入河排污口与目标河流断面同步监测分析影响系数,从而能够得到每个点源污染物排放对相应目标河流控制断面水质的贡献系数,这是确保水质达标而对点污染源进行动态管理的重要技术支持。      

山西省沁河流域农村生活污水入河水质研究

针对农村生活污水管理的需求,在水生态功能区和水环境控制单元的基础上提出了农村生活污水入河水质核算方法.具体步骤包括:①根据地貌类型、降水蒸发量、植被和土壤类型等指标,进行水生态功能区划分;②在水生态功能分区基础上,结合水文单元和行政区边界,划定水环境控制单元;③对控制单元内的水环境容量进行计算,并调查核算各类污染源污染物排放入河量,然后基于水环境容量和污染物入河量确定农村生活污水污染物排放限值.结果表明,沁河流域可划分为2个一级水生态功能区和7个二级水生态功能区,并划分为15个水环境控制单元.以控制单元内沁河上游水质改善区为例,区域内农村生活污水COD排放限值为134.05 mg·L~(-1),且此标准下河流不满足接纳农村污水进行NH_3-N消减的条件.在以上研究成果基础上,提出了农村生活污水分区分级管理措施建议.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.