氧基氯化铁非均相活化过一硫酸盐降解金橙Ⅱ

采用部分热分解法制备了氧基氯化铁（FeOCl）,用于活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解难降解偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ（AO7）.利用X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）、扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射光谱（XRD）对其进行了表征;通过实验评估FeOCl/PMS体系对AO7的降解效果并分析了影响AO7去除率的各种因素.结果表明：FeOCl活化PMS降解AO7效果良好,矿化率达44%.在中性条件下,当FeOCl投加量50mg/L、PMS浓度1.0mmol/L、AO7浓度0.05mmol/L时,AO7可在30min内完全降解.随PMS投加量、FeOCl投加量、Cl^-浓度和反应初始pH值的增大,AO7的脱色效果提高.FeOCl还具有良好的重复利用性.此外,通过自由基淬灭实验、EPR测试和XPS分析了反应的主要活性物种和反应机理：由PMS活化产生的SO₄^-·和·OH对污染物进行降解,其中主要活性物种为SO₄^-·.     

不同铝盐改性人工合成菱铁矿除氟性能研究

高氟地下水和地方性氟中毒已经成为世界范围内的一大问题,国内外对如何去除水中氟进行了大量的研究.本文利用硫酸铝溶液、活性氧化铝悬浮液和活性氧化铝粉末分别对人工合成菱铁矿进行了改性,采用静态吸附试验研究了不同改性材料的除氟容量、吸附反应后溶液中铁和铝离子浓度,并对改性效果较好的硫酸铝改性人造菱铁矿的除氟动力学进行了探讨,结...     

吉米奇表面活性剂改性粘土治理赤潮研究

为了证明吉米奇类表面活性剂三烷基聚氧乙烯基三季铵盐（TPQAC）对粘土改性的有效性,利用UV-1100紫外可见分光光度计对其在2种粘土高岭土和膨润土上的吸附行为进行了研究,发现其在2 min内基本可以达到吸附平衡,吸附模式较好的符合双表面Langmuir吸附等温线,吸附量大,经红外分析发现其可以对粘土进行有效改性.作为一种改性粘土在用于赤潮治理之前,有必要对改性剂本身对赤潮藻的灭杀作用以及改性粘土对赤潮藻的去除效果进行研究,为此选择了3种常见的赤潮藻进行了灭杀实验,并对不同比例的改性粘土对赤潮藻的去除情况进行了比较,结果表明,TPQAC用量在2 mg/L时24 h内几乎可以100%的灭杀赤潮藻,粘土与改性剂比例为14左右时对赤潮藻的去除效果最好.同时为了弄清TPQAC在治理赤潮的实际应用中对养殖生物可能造成的危害,选用了黑褐新糠虾为代表性养殖生物,对其48 h急性毒性情况进行了研究,并且室内模拟研究了改性粘土在去除赤潮藻的过程中可能对养殖生物造成的影响,实验发现粘土改性剂对黑褐新糠虾48 h半致死浓度为16.7 mg/L,改性粘土在去除赤潮藻的同时没有对养殖生物造成明显的毒害作用.     

碳纳米管活化过二硫酸盐降解偶氮染料酸性橙7

采用碳纳米管（CNT）活化过二硫酸盐（PS）降解偶氮染料酸性橙7（AO7）.考察了PS浓度、CNT投加量、初始pH值、温度等反应条件对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当初始pH为7、n（PS）/n（AO7）为20、CNT投加量为0.2g/L时,AO7在反应480min后可以被完全脱色去除.随着PS剂量、CNT投加量和温度的升高,AO7的去除率也逐渐增加,中性条件下最有利于AO7的去除.AO7降解反应主要发生在CNT表面,且反应活化能Ea为46.76kJ/mol.通过紫外-可见分光光谱、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）和TOC分析表明,AO7分子偶氮键和萘环结构断裂,生成含苯环类物质,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.     

切割钢渣活化过硫酸盐降解偶氮类染料酸性红73

切割钢渣是钢铁生产过程中的固体废弃物,如何有效处理和利用这些废渣具有减少环境污染、实现废物资源化的重要意义.本文选择河北邢台钢铁厂中切割钢渣为过硫酸盐(PS)活化剂,活化过硫酸盐(PS)去除水相中偶氮染料酸性红73(AR73),实验表明,25 mg·L~(-1) AR73在15 min内,其降解率为99.9%,TOC矿化率达58.6%.同时考察了钢渣投入量、PS浓度、初始pH值等影响因素对AR73降解效率的影响:随着PS浓度、钢渣投入量的增加,AR73的降解速率也逐渐增加;在pH为3～9时,AR73均可被有效去除,酸性条件更有利于AR73的去除.活性自由基猝灭实验表明,酸性红73的降解是通过自由基和非自由基两种机制实现的,且钢渣可多次回收重复利用.钢渣活化PS技术,还可有效去除蒽醌类染料(活性蓝19),其去除率为99.9%,矿化率可达92.0%;同时该技术对某印染废水(COD_(Cr)=5625 mg·L~(-1))的去除率达49.9%.本文所构建的切割钢渣活化过硫酸盐(PS)技术可应用于偶氮印染废水的处理,实现"以废治废"的目标.     

Sunshine by cooling

An overview of the development of cooler rings for fast ions with emphasis on electron cooling of heavy ion and radioactive beams is presented. Some of the most important discoveries made with the use of this new experimental tool include the first observation of string-like ordered ion beams, the development of Schottky mass spectrometry for precision mass measurements of radioactive nuclei, the discovery of bound-state #-decay of highly ionized nuclei and the calibration of the Re/Os cosmochronometer including a determination of the age of our Galaxy. First results of 1 s-state hyperfine interaction, and Lambshift measurements in hydrogen-like heavy ions are presented, together with an outlook on ongoing developments.     

用耳朵去看

<正>当读书眼乏了,当读书枯燥了,换种形式,直起耳朵,嘘,一字一行,一段一页,书中的瀑布在唱歌,书中的鸟儿飞起来了,换种方式读书会是怎样?在喜马拉雅电台工作的睡衣哥哥干的便是这个差事,睡衣哥哥真名李潇钦,毕业于上海戏剧学院,在他从事了近7年的主播事业上,磁性的音线下主播过一系列作品,《从你的全世界路过》、《一座城池》等等,富有感情充满磁性的声音俘获了一批忠实的听众。在今年3月份,他当上了《冈特生态童书》的主播,     

被误读的香味

美酒与香水在多数人的印象那里,大抵与时尚、豪华、奢侈,与冷月葬花魂,与不伤脑筋的事儿联系在一起。但随着美丽事业的发展,美酒与香水却成为新型另类污染,正在悄悄侵蚀人们的健康。因其始终带着美丽生活、提升生活品质的外观,因而隐蔽性更强,且从现实来看,因类似物品所涉及的人群的涵盖面有限,所以这一问题还不为人所熟悉。     

氮掺杂生物炭催化臭氧对于布洛芬的降解特性与机制

系统研究了新型氮掺杂生物炭材料(N-C)催化臭氧对于水中布洛芬(IBP)的氧化降解效能及机制,并深入探究了初始pH、臭氧投加量、催化剂投加量、不同阴离子和背景水质条件对IBP降解效率的影响.结果 表明,相较于一些常见的碳基催化剂(g-C3N4、生物炭、颗粒活性炭)及金属催化剂(MnO2、Fe3O4),N-C催化臭氧体系...     

高藻原水预臭氧强化混凝除藻特性研究

采用有机物表观分子量分级、树脂分级等手段表征了原水有机物特征,通过实验室试验和中试运行对预臭氧强化混凝藻类去除效果、溶解性有机物（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）的变化和去除、消毒副产物的控制等进行了研究,并利用藻类活性测试研究了预臭氧强化混凝除藻机制.结果表明,采用适当浓度的臭氧（如1.0 mg·L^-1）进行预氧化,可有效提高藻类去除率,从常规混凝沉后水的55%～85%上升到95%左右,最高去除率达到99.3%（预臭氧1.0 mg·L^-1,PACl 3.0 mg·L^-1）;THMFP(trihalomethanes formation potential)总体去除效果从常规处理的117 μg·L^-1降至46 μg·L^-1;高投量（≥2.0 mg·L^-1）预臭氧,促进了藻类灭活,但影响了有机物的去除.藻类活性评价臭氧氧化和常规水处理过程对藻类作用存在显著差别.常规混凝对藻类活性影响不明显,不同剂量混凝剂对藻类活性影响差异不大;而臭氧对水体中的藻类有灭活作用,在0.5～2.0 mg·L^-1臭氧条件下,藻类活性降低至12以下,且该指标随着臭氧剂量的加大显著降低.紧随其后的混凝过程中,混凝剂或者其水解过程的某些成分对臭氧灭活藻类有增效/催化作用.与传统的显微计数法相比,藻类活性试验更明确地表征水处理过程对藻类生存状态的影响,为水处理除藻机制研究和工艺设计提供更清晰的信息.     

Pericardial teratoma complicated by hydrops: successful fetal therapy by thoracoamniotic shunting

Pericardial teratoma is a potentially curable lesion that may become life threatening when it induces mediastinal compression and fetal hydrops. So far, cases with fetal hydrops have been managed by elective delivery or pericardial needle decompression. We report a case in which pericardial teratoma resulted in fetal hydrops. Following transpleural needling of the fetal pericardium at 29 weeks and 6 days, pericardial effusion decreased but hydrops persisted, while major unilateral pleural effusion appeared. A thoracoamniotic shunt was placed at 30 weeks and 5 days. Hydrops resolved, although incompletely. The baby was delivered at 32 weeks and was operated upon on day 3. This observation suggests that fetal hydrops associated with pericardial teratoma may improve following thoracoamniotic shunting. Fetal therapy may limit the risks of respiratory distress arising from the combined effect of airways compression and lung immaturity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预处理破稳污泥木质纤维素并厌氧降解实验研究

剩余污泥中往往含有大量木质纤维素物质,其在厌氧消化过程中难以降解,最终残留于熟污泥中,这也是导致污泥有机物稳定并转化能源效率低下的主要原因之一.针对污泥中木质纤维素的结构稳定性,本实验选择酸、碱、热解及超声波4种预处理方式,采用适宜的条件预处理剩余污泥,在一定程度上破坏污泥中木质纤维素结构,继而进行污泥厌氧消化,获得了较好的木质纤维素降解率.同时,实验筛选出热解为最佳的预处理技术方式.在T=150℃与t=30 min预处理工况下,污泥在厌氧消化后最高可实现52.6%的木质纤维素降解率,主要归功于半纤维素和纤维素的大幅降解.相对未预处理污泥,预处理能有效促进木质纤维素类物质的厌氧消化,从而提高污泥有机质的能源转化率.     

秸秆活性炭活化过一硫酸盐降解酸性橙7

将磷酸氢二铵((NH_4)_2HPO_4)作为活化剂制备秸秆活性炭(SAC),并用其活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO_4~-·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).首先对活化前后的SAC进行FTIR表征,发现(NH_4)_2HPO_4活化后的SAC含氧官能团特征峰强度增强,可能有利于过一硫酸钾的活化.其次研究了活化剂浓度、SAC投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH、抑制剂对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,AO7脱色率随着活化剂浓度、SAC投加量、PMS浓度的增加而增加;同时在偏中性条件下,有利于SAC活化PMS脱色AO7;加入相同物质的量比(2000/1)的甲醇、叔丁醇、苯酚,55 min内AO7脱色率分别为88.4%、66.2%、13.4%,苯酚对反应抑制效果最好,表明SAC表面的硫酸根和羟基自由基在AO7脱色中起主要作用.最后通过紫外光谱扫描、气质联用(GC-MS)和TOC分析表明,AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构被破坏,生成含苯环类中间产物,最终矿化为二氧化碳和水,矿化率可达31.7%.     

活性炭纤维固定化菌对微囊藻毒素MC-LR的去除研究

研究了藻蓝蛋白提取过程中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的释放分布规律,并用活性炭纤维对一株微囊藻毒素降解菌株进行了固定化,考察了不同活性炭纤维预处理方法、活性炭纤维用量、pH值、温度以及MC-LR浓度对固定化藻毒素降解菌去除MC-LR的影响.结果表明,藻蓝蛋白提取过程中MC-LR主要分布在超滤滤液中,占MC-LR总含量的81.2%.固定化藻毒素降解菌去除 MC-LR的效率明显高于非固定化藻毒素降解菌. 藻毒素降解菌用(1+9)盐酸预处理后的活性炭纤维固定化,其去除效果最佳.MC-LR去除的最适条件为:活性炭纤维用量为10g/L,温度为35℃, pH值为8.0.固定化藻毒素降解菌对pH值,温度具有一定的耐受性,能够在pH5~pH9、10℃~35℃范围内有效地去除MC-LR.     

Follow-up of pregnancies complicated by placental mosaicism diagnosed by chorionic villus sampling

Thirty-nine (2.3 per cent) of 1724 chromosome studies from diagnostic chorionic villus samplings (CVS) done between 1983 and 1990 showed either level III (true) mosaicism (1.2 per cent) or level II (pseudo-) mosaicism (1.1 per cent) for chromosomal aneuploidy. Follow-up information on these 39 pregnancies was collected from questionnaires to families, paediatricians, and obstetricians. For all cases in which the pregnancy was continued and further testing was accomplished, the mosaicism was felt to be confined to the placenta. As compared with a control group of pregnancies evaluated by CVS with normal karyotypes, there was no increased incidence of pregnancy loss, congenital malformations, or developmental delay in the infants. Although intrauterine growth retardation occurred in several of the level III mosaic cases, adequate catch-up growth has been demonstrated.     

生物铁强化膜生物反应器处理印染废水的研究

通过向普通膜生物反应器(MBR)中添加氢氧化铁,驯化成生物铁污泥,形成生物铁膜生物反应器,分析各自对印染废水的处理效果,结果表明,生物铁MBR对COD的去除效果更好,去除率提高10%左右,但水力停留时间的长短对COD的去除效率影响不是很明显;通过改变泥龄观察处理效果,结果表明,生物铁MBR可以在较长泥龄的条件下运行而处理效果不会受到影响,比普通MBR排放更少的污泥,能达到污泥减量化;同时生物铁污泥絮体的形成为硝化细菌提供了良好的生存环境,使得对氨氮的去除效率比较稳定。试验说明:生物铁污泥的强化生化与物化作用可以加强系统整体的稳定性。     

SPM对铅溶液的处理效果研究

含铅废水仅经过化学沉淀法处理后的出水不够稳定,因此需要后期处理来保证出水稳定并符合国家综合污水排放标准。新型特种粉体材料Special Powder Materia(lSPM)为我国自主研发的新型粉体材料,对微污染的水源有良好的处理效果,去除重金属的主要机理为电化学反应、吸附等。文章目的在于研究SPM去除铅效果的影响因素;研究SPM处理含铅溶液的浓度范围,考察将SPM的应用范围扩展至含铅废水后期处理的可行性。影响SPM处理效果的因素有进水流向、流量、填料高度、停留时间、含铅溶液浓度等,为了定量研究各个因素对SPM处理效果的贡献大小,文章采用配水试验,考察不同条件下SPM对铅的去除效率并进行正交分析。结果表明,进水方向采用逆流方向优于顺流方向,影响SPM处理铅溶液效率的主要因素为进水流量和进水浓度,SPM对较高浓度含铅溶液有明显的除铅效果,有望用于废水后期处理。进水方向为逆流,流量为12L/h,进水浓度为2mg/L时,出水浓度能长时间保证在1mg/L以下,符合国家综合污水排放标准。     

Swimming obstructed by dead-water

In nautical literature, ‘dead-water’ refers to the obstructive effect encountered by ships moving in stratified water due to the ship generating waves on an interface that separates different water masses. To investigate the hypothesis that open water swimming may also be obstructed by an encounter of dead-water, possibly causing drowning, we performed two experiments that assess the impact of stratified water on swimming. In the first experiment, subjects made a single front-crawl stroke while lying on a carriage that was rolling just above the water surface. The gain in kinetic energy, as a result of the stroke, was far less in stratified than in homogeneous water. In the second experiment, four subjects swam a short distance (5 m) in homogeneous and in two different settings of stratified water. At the same stroke frequency, swimming in stratified conditions was slower by 15%, implying a loss in propulsive power by 40%. Although in nature stratification will be less strong, extrapolation of the results suggests that dead-water might indeed obstruct swimming in open water as well. This effect will be most pronounced during fair weather, when stratification of a shallow surface layer is most easily established. Our findings indicate that swimmers’ anecdotal evidence on ‘water behaving strangely’ may have to be taken more seriously than previously thought.     

Heat-balling wasps by honeybees

Defensiveness of honeybee colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera (actively balling the wasps but reduction of foraging) against predatory wasps, Vespa velutina, and false wasps was assessed. There were significantly more worker bees in balls of the former than latter. Core temperatures in a ball around a live wasp of A. cerana were significantly higher than those of A. mellifera, and also significantly more when exposed to false wasps. Core temperatures of bee balls exposed to false wasps were significantly lower than those exposed to V. velutina for both A. cerana and for A. mellifera. The lethal thermal limits for V. velutina, A. cerana and A. mellifera were significantly different, so that both species of honeybees have a thermal safety factor in heat-killing such wasp predators. During wasps attacks at the hives measured at 3, 6 and 12 min, the numbers of Apis cerana cerana and Apis cerana indica bees continuing to forage were significantly reduced with increased wasp attack time. Tropical lowland A. c. indica reduced foraging rates significantly more than the highland A. c. cerana bees; but, there was no significant effect on foraging by A. mellifera. The latency to recovery of honeybee foraging was significantly greater the longer the duration of wasp attacks. The results show remarkable thermal fine-tuning in a co-evolving predator–prey relationship.