Removal of phenol by activated carbons prepared from palm oil mill effluent sludge

The study was attempted to produce activated carbons from palm oil mill effluent （POME） sludge. The adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced was evaluated in aqueous solution of phenol. Two types of activation were followed, namely, thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800%, and physical activation at 150% （boiling treatment）. A control （raw POME sludge） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced. The results indicated that the activation temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity by the activated carbon （POME 800） in aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon of POME 800. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values ofpH （2--3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200--300 mg/L）, The equilibrium data were fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The adsorption of phenol onto the activated carbon POME 800 was studied in terms of pseudo-first and second order kinetics to predict the rate constant and equilibrium capacity with the effect of initial phenol concentrations. The rate of adsorption was found to be better correlation for the pseudo-second order kinetics compared to the first order kinetics.     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

Adsorptive removal of hydrophobic organic compounds by carbonaceous adsorbents: A comparative study of waste-polymer-based, coal-based activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes

Adsorption of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on five different carbonaceous materials was compared. The adsorbents included three polymer-based activated carbons, one coal-based activated carbon (F400) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The polymerbased activated carbons were prepared using KOH activation from waste polymers: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and tire rubber (TR). Compared with F400 and MWNT, activated carbons derived from PVC and PET exhibited fast adsorption kinetics and high adsorption capacity toward the HOCs, attributed to their extremely large hydrophobic surface area (2700 m²/g) and highly mesoporous structures. Adsorption of small-sized TCE was stronger on the tire-rubber-based carbon and F400 resulting from the pore-filling effect. In contrast, due to the molecular sieving effect, their adsorption on HCH was lower. MWNT exhibited the lowest adsorption capacity toward HOCs because of its low surface area and characteristic of aggregating in aqueous solution.     

Adsorption of dyes onto activated carbon prepared from olive stones

Activated carbon was produced from olive stones（OSAC） by a physical process in two steps. The adsorption character of this activated carbon was tested on three colour dyes molecules in aqueous solution： Methylene blue（MB）, Rhodamine B（RB） and Congo Red（CR）. The adsorption equilibrium was studied through isotherms construction at 30℃, which were well described by Langmuir model. The adsorption capacity on the OSAC was estimated to be 303 mg/g, 217 mg/g and 167 mg/g respectively for MB, RB and CR. This activated carbon has a similar adsorption properties to that of commercial ones and show the same adsorption performances. The adsorption kinetics of the MB molecule in aqueous solution at different initial concentrations by OSAC was also studied. Kinetic experiments were well fitted by a simple intra-particle diffusion model. The measured kinetics constant was influenced by the initial concentration and we found the following correlation： Kid = 1.55 C0^0.51.     

Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption of naphthalene onto a high-surface-area carbon from waste ion exchange resin

A high-surface-area carbon (KC-1) was prepared from waste polystyrene-based ion exchange resin by KOH activation and used for naphthalene adsorption. The carbon exhibited a good hydrophobic nature with developed porous structure, favoring the adsorption of organic compounds. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and total pore volume of KC-1 were 3442.2 and 1.68 cm 3 /g, respectively, which can be compared with those of KOH-activated carbons prepared from other precursors. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of naphthalene onto KC-1. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Polanyi- Manes isotherms and agreed with the Polanyi-Manes Model. The adsorption of naphthalene depended greatly on the porosity of the carbon, and the dispersive interactions between naphthalene and carbon could be relatively weak. The pH variation in aqueous solution had little effect on the adsorption process. The equilibrium time for 0.04 g/L of carbon dose was around 5 hr. Different models were used to evaluate the kinetic data and the pseudo second-order model was suitable to describe the kinetic process of naphthalene adsorption onto KC-1. Regeneration of spent carbon could be carried out effectively by alcohol treatment. The results indicated that KC-1 was a promising adsorbent for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

Characteristic and mercury adsorption of activated carbon produced by CO2 of chicken waste

Preparation of activated carbon from chicken waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Hg removal. A three-stage activation process （drying at 200℃, pyrolysis in N2 atmosphere, followed by CO2 activation） was used for the production of activated samples. The effects of carbonization temperature （409-4500℃）, activation temperature （700-900℃）, and activation time （1-2.5 h） on the physicochemical properties （weight-loss and BET surface） of the prepared carbon wereinvestigated. Adsorptive removal of mercury from real flue gas onto activated carbon has been studied. The activated carbon from chicken waste has the same mercury capacity as commercial activated carbon （Darco LH） （Hg^v： 38.7% vs. 53.5%, Hg^0： 50.5% vs. 68.8%）, although its surface area is around 10 times smaller, 89.5 m^2/g vs. 862 m^2/g. The low cost activated carbon can be produced from chicken waste, and the procedure is suitable.     

Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets

A chemically prepared carbon was synthesized from date palm leaflets via sulphuric acid carbonization at 160℃. Adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution was investigated in terms of time, pH, concentration, temperature and adsorbent status (wet and dry). The equilibrium time was found to be 48 hr. The adsorption rate was enhanced by raising the temperature for both adsorbents, with adsorption data fitting a pseudo second-order model well. The activation energy, E_a, was found to be 17 kJ/mol, indicating a diffusion-controlled, physical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption was found at initial pH 6. The wet adsorbent showed faster removal with higher uptake than the dry adsorbent, with increased performance as temperature increased (25-45℃). The equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption mechanism is mainly related to cation exchange and hydrogen bonding.     

薯渣的开发和利用

通过利用薯渣经过预氧化处理、碳化和活化等工艺条件试验 ,得到了薯渣开发成活性碳纤维的最佳工艺条件 :薯渣经碱化 ,低含水状态下 30 0℃气氛碳化 ,碳化产物用浓度为 35 %的ZnCl2 处理 ,80 0℃活化 ,所得活性碳纤维对水中苯酚的吸附达 90 %以上     

葡萄树基活性炭的制备及其CO2吸附特性

为探讨葡萄树基活性炭在碳捕集与封存领域中的潜力,分别以葡萄树枝和树皮为原料采用CO₂活化法在800℃下制备了葡萄树枝基活性炭和葡萄树皮基活性炭,根据N₂物理吸附法计算了比表面积,用二维非定域密度函数理论（2D-NLDFT）分析了孔径分布特性,并使用热重分析法表征了两种活性炭的热解特性以及30℃的CO₂吸附特性.结果表明:①葡萄树枝基活性炭具有微孔结构,微孔孔径在0.36~1.6 nm之间,孔径为0.66 nm的微孔最多;葡萄树皮基活性炭具有大量微孔和少量中孔,孔径主要集中在0.36~1.9 nm之间.②葡萄树枝基和葡萄树皮基活性炭的CO₂吸附容量分别为1.096和0.247 mmol/g.③两种活性炭的CO₂吸附以物理吸附为主,其CO₂饱和产物在45℃前释放全部CO₂,葡萄树枝基活性炭的CO₂饱和产物较葡萄树皮基活性炭的CO₂饱和产物难于释放CO₂.④两种活性炭吸附CO₂后,在热重特性上出现的微量变化表明活性炭物质结构上的变化.研究显示,葡萄树枝基活性炭是一种良好的CO₂捕集材料,但其CO₂吸附容量比其他同类活性炭低,CO₂吸附量较高的葡萄树基活性炭的制备条件和改性方法需要进一步研究.      

活化海泡石对苯酚的吸附研究

海泡石经酸活化,在300℃焙烧,比表面积增加,吸附效果明显增强。通过实验,研究了焙烧温度、溶液pH值以及不同活化酸对吸附效果的影响。同时研究了活化海泡石对苯酚吸附动力学特性,及其脱附再生性能。并与活性炭对苯酚的吸附效果进行了比较,虽然其吸附性能较差,但具有良好的脱附再生性能,并且再生方法简单,在含酚废水的处理方面,海泡石可以作为一种新型的廉价的吸附剂。     

颗粒活性炭吸附工艺对水体中甲基叔丁基醚的去除

通过批式平衡实验考察了各种材质活性炭对MTBE的最大吸附容量以及吸附的影响因素.结果表明各活性炭的吸附能力依次为JHBG1>JHBG2>GCN8303F300>YK>Bamboo,其中2种国产竹炭JHBG1和JHBG2对低浓度污染的地下水处理时的理论耗炭量分别为0.14和0.18g/L;水体中天然有机物对MTBE有一定的竞争吸附,丹宁酸值较大的活性炭比较有利于地下水中MTBE的去除.采用连续流的微型快速穿透实验(MCRB)考察了活性炭的吸附容量利用率,结果证明活性炭吸附可以作为一种有效的地下水中MTBE的去除工艺,这为MTBE污染场地的异位修复提供一个实际可行的参考.     

氯化十六烷基吡啶改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附作用

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)对活性炭进行了改性,并通过实验考察了CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附作用.结果表明,CPC改性活性炭对水中的硝酸盐具备较好的吸附能力.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力明显高于未改性的活性炭.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力随着CPC负载量的增加而增加.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以较好地采用Langmuir等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir等温吸附方程,CPC负载量(以活性炭计)为444 mmol·kg-1的改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的最大单位吸附量为16.1 mg·g-1.CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力随着pH的增加而降低.水中共存的氯离子、硫酸根离子和碳酸氢根离子会抑制CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附.升高反应温度略微降低了CPC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附能力.采用1 mol·L-1的NaCl溶液可以使95%左右吸附到CPC改性活性炭上的硝酸盐解吸下来.CPC改性活性炭吸附水中硝酸盐的主要机制是阴离子交换和静电吸引作用.上述实验结果说明,CPC改性活性炭适合作为一种吸附剂用于去除水中的硝酸盐.     

高分子固体废物基活性炭对有机染料的吸附解吸行为研究

分别以3种高分子固体废物,即轮胎橡胶、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)为原料,利用KOH活化法制备高比表面积活性炭.通过吸附实验研究了活性炭对2种有机染料(亚甲基蓝和甲基橙)的吸附、解吸行为,同时探讨了溶液pH值、离子强度和表面活性剂对吸附的影响.结果表明,PVC和PET基活性炭比表面积分别为2 666和2 831 m2.g-1,中孔容积分别为1.06和1.30 cm3.g-1,15 min内对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙的去除率分别高达98.5%和97.0%、99.5%和95.0%,且Langmuir模型拟合的染料最大吸附量均超过2 mmol.g-1,显著高于商业活性炭F400.Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述2种染料的吸附行为,说明吸附以表面单层覆盖为主.溶液pH值、离子强度和表面活性剂对染料吸附均有较大影响.制备的高分子基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附强于甲基橙,2种染料均不容易发生解吸.实验结果可为高分子固体废物的资源化利用、制备经济高效的碳质吸附材料提供科学依据.     

核桃壳质活性炭的制备及吸附恶臭气体的研究

研究了用ZnCl2活化法制备核桃壳质活性炭的工艺条件及其改性前后吸附典型恶臭气体硫化氢的硫容量及穿透行为：结果表明：ZnCl2质量分数60％,300℃炭化80min,500℃活化60min,制得的活性炭脱硫硫容量高,穿透时间长;性能表征测得其碘吸附值可达880mg／g以上,吸附效果明显优于市售活性炭。用质量分数为1％的KIO3改性后的活性炭脱硫性能明显提高。