珠江三角洲地区大气和土壤中多氯联苯分布特征研究

为了考察珠江三角洲地区大气和土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)残留现状,于2012年在珠江三角洲地区采集了空气和土壤样品,并利用GC-MS进行PCBs分析测定。结果表明,大气中Σ24PCBs的总浓度为240~2 258 pg/m3,平均为1 243 pg/m3,且PCBs主要存在于气相中,占24种PCBs总浓度的90%以上,单体分布主要以三氯~五氯联苯为主。自2001年以来珠江三角洲地区大气中PCBs浓度有小幅波动,说明部分地区有PCBs源释放的可能。土壤中24种PCBs的总浓度为ND~20.68 ng/g,平均为3.77 ng/g。三氯联苯是土壤中PCBs的主要同类物,平均占土壤中24种PCBs总浓度的45%,其次是四氯联苯,平均占19%。部分地点低氯代PCBs比例下降,高氯代比例升高。     

天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体      

长江表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对长江流域13个干流断面及18个支流断面处沿岸表层土壤样品中的多氯联苯（PCBs）进行测定,分析其残留特征、污染来源和健康风险.结果表明,长江流域表层土中ΣPCBs的含量范围为：1.05~50.11ng/g dw,平均值为5.71ng/g dw,含量处于较低污染水平.干流的PCBs含量从上游到下游呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且PCBs在宜昌、岳阳、武汉、重庆等二三线城市总含量较高.PCB 17,PCB 18,PCB 44,PCB 74,PCB 87的检出率较高,三氯联苯、四氯联苯是主要的同系物,表明长江流域表层土壤主要以低氯联苯污染为主.主成分分析表明研究区域PCBs主要来自于1号国产变压器油、Aorclor 1242、1248、大气沉降及地表径流的混合污染源;对长江流域表层土壤健康风险评价表明,PCBs存在较小健康风险,呼吸摄入潜在风险低于经口摄入及皮肤接触.     

长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤多氯联苯空间分布特征

在面积为27 km² 的长江三角洲某典型污染地区用GPS定位系统布设了191个取样点,采用GC-ECD法测定了表层农田土壤16种多氯联苯组分及含量.统计结果表明,该典型区农田土壤16种多氯联苯总量变化范围是0.01～484.5 ng/g, 平均值是35.52 ng/g,而且以三氯和四氯联苯为主（占55.7%）,同时也含有一定比例的五氯和六氯联苯（占44.3%）.空间分析发现,该区农田土壤中PCBs总量及其各同系物在所研究的尺度上存在较强的空间自相关格局,其PCBs的空间分布模式主要可能受到一些较为分散的人为因素影响,应重点对当地这些人为活动排污行业进行整治,以消除污染来源.     

台州污染区蔬菜中多氯联苯污染特征分析

多氯联苯（polychlorinated Biphenyls,简称PCBs）已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。实验确立了浸泡-超声提取、硫酸硅胶-去活化硅胶-硝酸银硅胶复合层析柱净化、毛细管柱气相色谱法测定植物样品中痕量多氯联苯的方法。对浙江台州地区典型污染点玉露洋村、横街、莄李王村三地的植物样品（卷心菜、南瓜）进行测定,结果显示台州典型污染区内卷心菜中PCBs的浓度范围在5.98~112.36 ng/g,南瓜叶中PCBs平均值达130.70 ng/g,茎中达59.12 ng/g,三地在总体上污染严重。PCBs同系物间的污染水平存在显著差异,二氯联苯残留量大,四氯、五氯、六氯联苯分布较广、残留较高,高氯联苯有少量存在。     

西北工业化城镇周边农用土壤PCBs污染来源与人群暴露

采用气相色谱质谱联用仪检测了我国西北干旱地区皋兰县城各区域土壤中18种多氯联苯（PCBs）,并利用主成分分析、多元线性回归分析以及暴露模型对研究区PCBs污染来源、人群暴露和健康风险进行了探究和评价.研究区土壤PCBs浓度为3.675～19.146 ng·g^-1,临近工业园区和城区的农田土壤平均污染程度较高,四氯联苯和五氯联苯在∑₁₈PCBs中占有较高的质量分数.PCBs污染源以含PCBs电器设备回收处置相关的IP-PCBs污染源、燃烧和工业热过程源以及与燃烧相关的污染源为主,燃烧和工业热过程源可能会对研究区PCBs污染具有更大的贡献.研究区各类人群由于PCBs暴露导致的致癌风险较低,非致癌风险也处于可接受水平,但燃烧及工业热过程作为研究区可能的主要PCBs来源,可能会对当地长期居住的人群带来不利影响,需给予重视.     

滴水湖水系表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留与风险评价

于2012年,每2个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,对其多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留水平进行了检测和分析.结果表明,研究期间闸外引水河和闸内引水河沉积物中7种PCBs的总量各月间变化较大,且总体呈上升趋势,而滴水湖沉积物中其总量四季变化幅度不大;空间分布上,闸外引水河[(844.74±687.62)ng/g]>闸内引水河[(516.83±645.45)ng/g]>>滴水湖[(81.63±72.18)ng/g].研究区PCBs组成以六氯联苯和七氯联苯为主,其次为五氯联苯和三氯联苯.采用主成分分析法对PCBs进行源解析,结果显示:PCBs污染源中进口电容器中PCBs的迁移占43%,油漆添加剂污染占33%;国产电容器和变压器污染占11%.生态风险评估表明,闸外引水河和闸内引水河沉积物PCBs对生物体的暴露有严重威胁;滴水湖沉积物PCBs对生物体的暴露有一定的潜在威胁.与国内外研究相比,闸外引水河和闸内引水河属于严重污染水平,滴水湖属于中等污染水平,相关部门应加强污染监管.     

黄河中下游流域表层土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对黄河中下游流域18个国家控制断面处表层土壤（0～15cm）样品中的多氯联苯含量进行测定,分析其残留特征、可能的污染源和生态风险.结果表明,黄河中下游表层土壤中∑PCBs变化范围为0.43～39.83ng/g dw,均值为3.72ng/g,和其他地区研究结果相比,黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs 含量水平较低.类二英类PCBs的毒性当量DL-TEQ变化范围为1.85～27.22pg/g dw,均值为15.24pg/g dw,远低于其他国家相应的限值,极少存在生态风险. PCB18、PCB33、PCB49、PCB44、PCB52的检出率和残留量均比较高,是黄河中下游流域表层土壤中的优势污染物.二氯联苯、三氯联苯和四氯联苯是主要的同族体,分别占总量的10.71%.13.48%、63.43%,说明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中主要是低氯联苯污染.主成分分析表明黄河中下游流域表层土壤中PCBs主要是来自Aorclor1242、1248、1254、1260系列PCBs产品和国产变压器油的混合污染源.     

珠江口及邻近海域表层沉积物多氯联苯分布特征

为精准揭示近年来珠江口及邻近海域表层沉积物多氯联苯(PCBs)污染状况,于2020年在包括珠江八大口门在内的邻近海域布设27个站位采集表层海洋沉积物样品,采用同位素稀释内标HRGC/HRMS法测定包括一氯至十氯联苯的37种单体及其各氯代同系物含量,刻画其空间分布特征并分析其主要来源.结果表明,1)27个站位表层沉积物样品中PCBs均有检出,37种PCBs单体可充分反映样品中PCBs的污染,∑₃₇PCBs含量为0.024～5.11ng/g,低于国内外主要近岸海域污染水平;2)主要污染集中在珠海沿岸海域和虎门出海口水域,且表现出距离岸边越近,污染浓度越高的受陆域影响空间分布特点;3)37个单体中PCB-11的检出频率和检出浓度均最高,检出浓度远高于传统关注的marker-PCBs总和,是样品中PCBs的主要污染贡献者;4)结合主成分分析及同系物组成分析研究区域表层沉积物PCB污染主要来源发现,只有珠江出海口东岸沿线海域部分表层沉积物PCBs的污染可能与PCB工业商品相关,珠江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中的PCBs可能主要来源于当地联苯胺黄颜料的生产或使用.本研究珠江邻近海...     

我国半干旱区工业化城镇PCBs干沉降及归趋

采用大气被动干沉降采样器,观测了我国半干旱区城市皋兰2018年非取暖季和取暖季18种多氯联苯（PCBs）的大气干沉降通量和污染特征,并利用主成分分析、环境多介质模型对其污染来源、环境归趋行为等进行了分析和研究.研究区∑₁₈PCBs干沉降通量为13.0~158.8ng/（m²·d）,呈现园区点较高、取暖季高于非取暖季的特征.干沉降中PCBs以四氯联苯和五氯联苯为主,并且四氯联苯干沉降通量在取暖季明显上升.研究区PCBs污染主要源于含PCBs的产品以及燃烧和工业热过程带来的排放,但燃烧和工业热过程无意产生的PCBs可能对研究区产生更大影响.土壤相是研究区PCB81主要的汇,相间迁移以大气相向土壤相的沉降为主;大气平流输出是研究区PCB81的主要清除途径;污染物排放速率、平流停留时间和平流输入污染物浓度是影响大气相、土壤相PCB81浓度的主要因素.     

Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

太湖表层沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的分布及风险评价

采用GC-EI-MS联用技术分析了太湖18个表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量.共检出28种PAHs,其总浓度范围为90.6~1.04×103ng/g,其中16种优控PAHs的浓度范围为63.1~885ng/g,最高浓度出现在竺山湖;56种PCBs的浓度范围为1.35~13.8ng/g,最高浓度出现在新塘港.利用分子比和因子分析/多元线性回归模型分析PAHs的来源,结果显示,太湖PAHs主要来源于燃烧,其中木柴、煤炭燃烧和油料燃烧的贡献率分别为45%和50%.PCBs同族体组成分析结果表明,PCBs的同系物组成呈现Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1254的混合来源特征.太湖表层沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的二 毒性当量(以TCDD计)范围为0.64~3.35pg/g,风险评价结果表明,太湖沉积物中的PAHs和PCBs尚未对周围环境造成不利影响.     

Topsoil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sources along an urban-rural gradient in the Yellow River Delta

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area of China. To assess the current status of soil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) residues, topsoil samples (0-15 cm) (n = 82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. The total concentrations of six DDT homologues were within 3.3-3819 μg/kg, with a mean concentration of 191 μg/kg, showing significant increase along urban-rural gradient. Soil concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in the area ranged from non-detectable to 87.0 μg/kg, dominated by heavily chlorinated PCBs (PCB-101 and -118). Soil PCBs concentrations were significantly greater in urban than suburban and rural areas. Principal component and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that 86.4% of soil DDTs originate from past DDT usage, and 13.6% originate from dicofol application. Soil PCBs most likely originate from the petrochemical industry (77.1%), municipal solid waste disposal (16.5%), local commercial PCB homologues usage (5.2%), and long-range atmospheric deposition (1.2%). In general, soil DDTs pollution was classified as low level, and mean PCBs concentrations were below the severe contamination classification range. Because PCB-118 is a dioxin-like congener, monitoring and remediation is advised to assess and reduce negative environmental and human health effects from soil DDTs and dioxin-like congeners in the study area.     

Levels and distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been measured in sewage sludge samples from 8 urban wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China. The PCB congeners were analyzed by isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The concentration of PCBs ranged from 65.6 to 157 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 101 ng/g dw. The dioxin-like PCB WHO-TEQs (World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalents) of the sludge were lower than 1 pg /g dw. Conse...     

哈尔滨市土壤中PCBs的污染现状研究

采用GC／MS法对哈尔滨市18个表层土壤及1个深层土壤中PCBs的浓度进行了测定,并讨论了PCBs在土壤中的分布特征及同族体的组成情况。结果表明,该市表层土壤中∑PCBs浓度分布在0．025-1．795ng／g之间,平均值为0．545ng／g,深层土壤中未能检测到目标物,土样中共有18种同系物有不同程度的检出,主要以五氡联苯为主,其中工业区的土壤样品中∑PCBs含量最高。     

丹江口水库迁建区土壤PAHs的分布特征与来源及其生态风险评价

为评价丹江口水库迁建区土壤中PAHs的污染水平及该区域被淹没后的生态风险,采用GC/MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)分析技术,检测了该区域表层(0～20 cm)土壤中的w(PAHs),并探讨不同土地利用方式下PAHs的分布特征及来源. 结果表明:①研究区域表层土壤中w(PAHs)为4.04~181 ng/g,平均值为41.3 ng/g,在不同土地利用方式下表现为居住地>玉米地>菜地>其他耕地>养殖地>林地>果园. ②特征化合物指数法分析结果显示,菜地、居住地和其他耕地表层土壤中PAHs主要来自柴油燃烧,少部分属既有燃料燃烧又有石油污染的混合源,养殖地和玉米地表层土壤中PAHs主要来自燃料燃烧,说明土地利用方式对表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数、组成及其来源等均产生一定影响. ③与国内其他地区湖泊和水库沉积物相比,研究区域表层土壤中w(PAHs)较低,属于清洁无污染等级. 迁建区表层土壤被淹没成为沉积物后,由于PAHs污染程度较小,因此潜在生态风险较低.      

Chlorobenzenes and organochlorinated pesticides in vegetable soils from an industrial site, China

Organochlorinated compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment, especially in industrial sites. The objective of the work was to investigate whether a vegetable field near an industrial site is safe for vegetable production. The residues of chlorobenzenes (CBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in a vegetable field which was near a chemical plant in China were characterized. Point estimate quotient was used for ecological risk assessment of the investigated site. The results showed that all CBs except monochlorobenzene (MCB) were detected in soils. The total concentrations of ∑CBs ranged from 71.06 to 716.57 ng/g, with a mean concentration of 434.93 ng/g. The main components of CBs in soil samples were dichlorobenzenes (DCBs), trichlorobenzenes (TCBs) and tetrachlorobenzenes (TeCBs), while for single congeners, 1,2,4-TCB had the highest concentration, which ranged from 13.21 to 210.35 ng/g with a mean concentration of 111.89 ng/g. Residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in soil samples ranged from 0.9 to 11.79 ng/g, significantly lower than ∑DCB, ∑TCB and ∑TeCB. Concentrations of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs in soils ranged from 11.32 to 55.24 ng/g and from 195.63 to 465.58 ng/g, respectively, of which the main components were αup-HCH and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE). Ecological risk assessment for the investigated site showed that the most potential risks were from TCBs and TeCBs, based on the hazard quotients. The higher residues of CBs and DDTs compared to the target values and the higher than 1 hazard quotients indicated that this area is not safe for vegetable production and thus soil remediation is needed.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in the atmosphere of Taizhou, a major e-waste dismantling area in China

PM2.5,total suspended particles(TSP) and gas phase samples were collected at two sites of Taizhou,a major e-waste dismantling area in China.Concentrations,seasonal variations,congener profiles,gas-particle partitioning and size distribution of the atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) were studied to assess the current state of atmospheric PCBs after the phase out of massive historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes.The average 38PCBs concentration in the ambient air(TSP plus gas phase) near the e-waste dismantling area was(12,407 ± 9592) pg/m3 in winter,which was substantially lower than that found one decade ago.However,the atmospheric PCBs level near the e-waste dismantling area was 54 times of the reference urban site,indicating that the impact of the historical dismantling of PCBs containing e-wastes was still significant.Tri-Penta-CBs were dominant homologues,consisting with their dominant global production.Size distribution of particle-bound PCBs showed that higher chlorinated CBs tended to partition more to the fine particles,facilitating its long range air transportation.