长江三角洲平原南部上新世以来古环境演变及多重地层划分

对长江三角洲平原BZK01钻孔进行沉积物¹⁴C测年、粒度、磁学、孢粉和微体古生物分析,结合伽玛测井、岩性地层讨论了上新世以来钻孔揭示的孢粉组合、沉积环境演化、沉积相和古气候特征,建立了钻孔的第四纪多重地层划分对比框架。结果表明,受原始地形地貌、海平面变化、海陆变迁、古气候冷暖更替及新构造运动的影响,研究区上新世以来经历了多次环境变化。钻孔自下而上揭示岩性地层依次为基岩长河组、新近纪-第四纪沉积的嘉兴组、前港组、东浦组、宁波组、镇海组,孢粉组合可划分出16个孢粉带,按暖期温暖潮湿-冷期寒冷干燥古气候旋回变化的周期律,BZK01钻孔反映该区域共存在7个古气候旋回。建立的钻孔多重地层划分对比揭示151.9～278.0 m为河流相和河湖相交替沉积的上新世-早更新世时期,存在两个气候旋回过程;83.5～151.9 m为河流相-河湖相-浅湖相沉积环境的中更新世,包含两个气候旋回过程;15.4～83.5 m为晚更新世,沉积环境自下而上为河口相-河湖相-潮坪相-滨海相-河湖相,与王店海侵-杭州海侵时期对应,包括两个气候旋回;0～15.4 m为河口相-河湖相-泻湖相沉积环境的全新世,对应富阳海侵,包括一个气候旋回。     

尼日尔三角洲第三纪沉积物的矿物学和地球化学研究及其与石油生成的关系

<正> 引言位于尼日利亚沉积盆地南部的尼日尔三角洲约占地64,000平方公里,其所在的几内亚湾东隅正处于三联脊构造的交点,在白垩纪中期,南美开始从这里同非洲裂离。继后沿裂谷带的不稳定性和沉降作用导致了一次海侵,这次海侵终止于白垩纪晚期。原始的尼日尔三角洲最初形成于晚白垩纪,以古新世的一次大规模海侵而告结束。从始新世起发生了一次海退,并形成河流-三角     

中全新世全球极端温度响应:基于MPI-ESM-P模拟试验

中全新世是北半球轨道时间尺度距今最近的温暖期,是当前全球变暖的历史相似型之一,研究该阶段极端温度的变化有助于理解典型温暖期极端温度的响应和机制。利用MPI-ESM-P海气耦合模式中全新世暖期试验与工业革命前试验数据,分析中全新世暖期全球极端温度的响应。结果表明:由于北半球夏季轨道日射量的增加,与工业革命前相比,中全新世平均温度在极地海洋以及夏季北半球中高纬度陆地地区升高,其余区域温度降低;平均温度升高的区域,极端高温与极端低温也将上升,暖事件频率增加;陆地区域日最高温相关指标比日最低温相关指标的变化幅度更大;相对于极端高温事件的响应,极地海洋地区极端低温事件的响应更为显著,冷事件频率显著减少,全年高于0℃的天数显著增加。     

有机地球化学在东海全新世古气候和古海洋研究中的应用进展

有机地球化学指标已成为追溯全球古环境变化与古生物地球化学演化的有力工具,在我国边缘海中得到广泛应用,尤以东海全新世古气候和古海洋学研究取得的成果最为显著。本文在综述了部分有机质整体指标和脂类生物标志物用于东海有机质溯源研究进展的同时,着重叙述了他们在全新世海水表层温度、季风、相对海平面和海洋初级生产力重建等古气候和古海洋学领域的研究动态。针对我国边缘海,提出应选用更加有效可靠的有机地球化学多指标,研究高分辨率的沉积连续记录,全面恢复古气候环境变迁历史。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北部全新世环境演变（Ⅰ）

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠北部，塔里木河泛滥平原典型剖面的沉积物粒度特征、化学元素的变化和沉积相特征的研究，并结合~（１４）Ｃ测年，揭示了本区域全新世以来的环境变化规律，本区全新世以来的多风、高温、干燥的气候形成是以全球气候波动为背景，叠加内陆干旱封闭盆地影响而成的。但在干燥气候条件下曾有过几次空气湿度较大的偏湿期。本区沉积相主要以河流冲积作用形成的粘土层和风力作用下形成的风砂层为主，剖面中的亚粘土与现代河流相特征一致，剖面中风砂土与现代流沙性质趋同。全新世以来本区共发生３次明显的河流泛滥期，可以同全新世以来的间冰期对应。     

甘肃合水地区全新世以来土壤剖面黑碳记录及其气候变化

针对甘肃合水马家村(MJC)全新世黄土剖面进行野外采样,分析磁化率和黑碳(焦炭和烟炱)等古气候指标,试图探讨黄土高原北部全新世以来生物质燃烧特征以及自然生态环境演变过程,结果表明:末次冰期和全新世早期(11500—8500 a BP)气候寒冷而干旱,区域野火事件时而发生,植被生物量是此阶段野火发生与蔓延的限制因素;距今8000年以来,黑碳和炭屑浓度整体呈现下降趋势。由于季节性降水增多从而抑制大范围火灾发生几率。然而,8000—7000 a BP和3500—2500 a BP野火频率明显上升,这可能与仰韶时期老官台文化和寺洼文化时期的古人类放火烧荒和开垦农田等活动有关;全新世晚期(3100 a BP至今)气候进一步干旱,生物质燃烧增强与人口增加和人类土地利用水平密切相关,其中1500—1000 a BP出现一次较为明显的峰值,这可能与隋唐以来该区农耕活动加强有关。可见,近2000年以来黄土高原北部地区生物质燃烧特征受到气候和人类活动复合驱动所控制。     

中国全新世气候变化研究进展

全新世气候变化研究是古气候研究的一个重点。中国全新世气候变化的研究也是全球变化研究中重要的一部分。大量的研究工作为恢复中国全新世气候做了重大贡献。中国地形地貌复杂 ,又处在具有复杂时空变率的东亚季风控制范围内 ,这使得不同的研究工作者在一些问题上存在意见分歧。比较统一的意见是 :中国全新世始于约 10 .5kaBP ;在约 9～ 8kaBP左右为一段降温期 ;7～ 4kaBP为一段温暖期 ,通常称之为全新世大暖期 ;大约 3kaBP左右开始降温 ,至近代才又升温 ;约 130 0aA .D .左右进入小冰期 ,到 185 0aA .D .左右结束 ,其间又有几次比较明显的温度振荡。 185 0aA .D .至今为温度的上升期。对于气候变动的驱动因素 ,不同的学者看法不一 ;从长时间尺度看 ,太阳辐射变化是气候变化的主要驱动力。     

末次盛冰期以来长江镇江段古河槽沉积特征

选择长江镇江—扬州段作为研究对象。搜集整理了润扬长江大桥地质勘探钻孔96个,根据钻孔资料,绘制了长江古河槽地质剖面示意图。选择了3个典型钻孔分析其分层沉积特征。根据典型钻孔及地质剖面,结合参考文献中的年代,分析了长江镇江段的沉积环境特征。结论认为:镇江段长江古河槽在-77.34 m切割到基岩,约-60 m以下为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽,约-60 m—-40 m为晚冰期河床沉积,约-40 m以上、局部-55 m以上为全新世沉积。古河槽中的沉积物包括末次盛冰期的河床滞留沉积、之后海面上升引起的溯源堆积、全新世最大海侵时的河口砂坝沉积及三角洲平原形成以来的沉积在内,最厚处七十余米。下部的河床滞留沉积、溯源堆积,主要是粗砂砾石、细砂等;上部在河流、潮流及河口环境的共同作用下,形成了粉砂、亚粘土、淤泥质亚粘土等互层的沉积。全新世最大海侵以来,北岸淤积速率快,主河床逐步向南偏移。     

全新世古洪水研究进展与趋势

综合分析了20世纪80年代以来全新世古洪水研究进展,着重对古洪水事件的判别、洪水事件对古文化发展的影响、古洪水事件对古气候环境事件的响应以及全新世古洪水研究方法等方面进行了综述,指出了近年来国内在全新世古洪水研究方面存在的主要问题,提出古洪水研究的主要趋势,包括在全球变化背景下研究古洪水水文学、多学科交叉方法的运用和各种环境代用指标的相互印证、高分辨率和定量研究、多区域对比研究等。     

四川西昌盆地下二叠统层序特征及充填模式

四川西昌盆地下二叠统的地层划分对比争议较大,油气勘探程度低。本文通过详细的露头层序地层学研究,结合层序地球化学方法和原理,对西昌盆地下二叠统进行了层序划分和对比,结果表明：西昌盆地下二叠统地层可划分为1 个二级层序、2 个层序组和6 个三级层序;P₁q 层序组构成下二叠统二级层序的LST 和TST,层序4 下部发育的（茅口组底部）凝缩层相当于二级层序的最大海泛面,而P₁m 中上部（包括层序4 中上部、层序5、6）则构成HST;西昌地区下二叠统层序发育形成过程,总体表现为海平面上升和盆地不断向古陆超覆;沉积序列、古氧相含量、锶含量、碳氧同位素和TOC 的变化旋回揭示西昌盆地早二叠世经历了六次三级海平面变化旋回（六个三级层序）,在华南地区乃至全球范围内均可进行对比;建立的层序充填模式揭示出早Hessian 早期全球海平面上升,盆地不断向古陆超覆,奠定了早二叠世西昌海域盆地的轮廓,Roadian 早期海平面上升达到最高位,并沉积一套整个华南均可对比的眼球状灰岩或页状藻灰岩,Capitanian 晚期全球构造海平面下降,结束了西昌地区克拉通盆地的演化阶段。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.