基于污水厂污泥资源化利用的粗放型绿色屋顶水质控制效果

基质材料是影响粗放型绿色屋顶降雨出水水质的重要因素.采用污水厂稳定污泥作为基质主要营养成分,配合改良材料生物炭、双层基质结构,构建5个绿色屋顶中试设施,通过1a的现场实验,考察设施出水水质控制效果.结果表明将3%稳定污泥添加进粗放型绿色屋顶基质中,出水总氮(TN)和硝氮(NO_3~--N)的年平均质量浓度为3. 27 mg·L~(-1)和1. 61mg·L~(-1),在上海当地降雨与气温条件下稳定污泥的使用不会导致TN和NO_3~--N大量淋失;为改善使用污水厂稳定污泥作为营养基质的设施的出水水质,添加生物炭作为基质改良成分,出水中TN和NO_3~--N年平均质量浓度下降至2. 16 mg·L~(-1)和1. 38mg·L~(-1),吸附层的设置可降低出水总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)浓度;对各中试设施系统进行TN平衡分析表明,经过一个汛期的使用,基质中存留的TN占到初始量的55%以上,污泥作为营养基质可以满足植物较长时间的生长需求.添加生物炭后基质存留TN减少和出水NO_3~--N浓度降低,分别与落干期期间矿化作用、降雨期间反硝化作用增强有关.从污染物质量负荷的角度出发,污泥不是营养物质N的污染源,是P的污染源.添加生物炭并设置双层结构能有效降低设施TN和COD出水负荷.     

粗放型绿色屋面填料的介质组成对出水水质的影响

通过模拟降雨实验监测填料组成不同的绿色屋面模拟设施出水水质,研究粗放型绿色屋面设施填料组成对出水污染物特征的影响.结果表明,设施出水中主要的污染物包括不同形态的N、P以及COD;除COD外,出水中污染物浓度随累积降雨量增加而下降,具有明显的淋失效应;所有设施出水中重金属含量均较低,初期出水的平均浓度均达到饮用水标准.含有田园土、醋糟的绿化种植土出水营养物质淋失严重,在累计降雨150 mm情况下,设施出水TN、TP、COD平均浓度分别为2.93、0.73和78 mg·L-1,均超过地表水水质标准Ⅴ类的限值,添加水厂污泥可以有效地减少绿化种植土中TP的淋出且不影响植物对P的吸收;使用无机复合种植土的设施出水水质较好,但仍需要结合设施对水量削减能力和植物生长状况判断填料是否能够应用于粗放型绿色屋面.     

粗放型绿色屋顶基质层对降雨出流水质影响

为研究粗放型绿色屋顶基质层对雨水出流N、P、COD和SS淋失的影响,根据华中地区降雨强度和水质实际情况,构建了3种不同基材配方的绿色屋顶基质层,在9场模拟暴雨下进行绿色屋顶的基质出流水质监测。结果表明:本试验各绿色屋顶设施对TN、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N和SS都有较好的削减作用,但对TP和PO₄3--P淋失现象明显,绿色屋顶的出流中以颗粒态P和溶解态N为主;去除出流中SS,对净化COD效果显著;生物炭的添加对出流污染物有明显的控制作用,能有效缓解降雨初期污染物浓度高的问题,同时能显著增加植物地上部生物量;厚度为5 cm的绿色屋顶出流水中N和COD较10 cm厚度低,但其SS出流平均浓度偏高,且植物后期不能维持良好的长势。粗放型绿色屋顶设施运行稳定后截污效应良好,具有较高的可行性和广阔的应用前景。     

基于SBR-ABR实现PN-SAD耦合工艺的运行与优化调控

采用序批式活性污泥反应器-厌氧折流板反应器(SBR-ABR)组合工艺,构建"部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化反硝化"(PNSAD)反应链实现深度脱氮除碳.设定3种不同的运行工况,工况Ⅰ将SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1～1.32)直接接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化系统,发现虽然实现了厌氧氨氧化反应的稳定运行,但联合工艺总氮(TN)去除率低于80%,出水TN约20mg·L~(-1).为在ABR内增加反硝化功能,向ABR反应器第三隔室添加反硝化污泥,于工况Ⅱ将SBR出水接入,发现耦合反应对TN去除率仍偏低若实现深度脱氮需在厌氧氨氧化后段补充碳源.故在工况Ⅲ调控SBR出水(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=5)与部分原水混合(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N=1.4;C/N=2.5),接入单隔室ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化系统不仅实现了厌氧氨氧化段基质的良好配比,也为反硝化提供了良好的有机碳源,整个工艺出水COD为50左右,TN在6以下,TN去除率达到95%.在SBR-ABR反应器内构建PN-SAD联合反应为废水深度脱氮除碳提供了理论基础.     

丹江口库区覆膜耕作土壤氮素淋失随夏玉米生长期的变化

土壤氮素淋失是农业非点源污染的重要形式,也是水源地水质恶化的重要原因.以丹江口库区五龙池小流域为研究区,以农田黄棕壤种植夏玉米为例进行田间氮素淋失实验,通过与无覆膜耕作进行对比,研究覆膜耕作条件下土壤氮素淋失随玉米生长期的变化.结果表明,覆膜耕作土壤TN和NO_3~--N淋失量均明显低于无覆膜耕作,分别低25.68%和20.25%.夏玉米生长期内,覆膜土壤TN淋失量表现为苗期最高,拔节期和抽穗期显著降低,成熟期略微升高的变化趋势;覆膜土壤NO_3~--N淋失量表现为在苗期最高,拔节期显著降低,随后缓慢降低的变化过程;覆膜土壤NH_4~+-N淋失量表现为在苗期较低,拔节期升至峰值,抽穗期降至谷值,成熟期显著升高的变化特征.覆膜土壤TN和NO_3~--N淋失量分别与土壤中TN和NO_3~--N含量之间呈线性函数和指数函数关系;与土壤含水量和降雨量之间呈线性函数关系.上述结果表明,覆膜能降低土壤中氮素的淋失量,将对减少库区农业非点源污染具有明显的作用.     

AAO工艺在不同HRT和回流比条件下对实际污水的处理效果

以实际污水为对象,采用中试装置研究AAO工艺中不同水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比,发现:AAO系统在HRT为4~8 h、污泥回流比为0.5~1.0、混合液回流比为1~2、ρ(MLVSS)=800~1 300 mg/L时,系统脱氮除磷效果受降雨冲击影响较大,但对COD去除稳定。TN去除率随进水浓度及COD/TN的增加而增加,增大混合液回流比不能有效提高TN去除率;TP去除率受进水COD及回流液中NO_3~--N浓度影响较大。实验结果表明:低碳高氮磷污水要实现氮磷同时达标,需要适当投加碳源以及混凝剂。     

植物及存水区对南方生物滞留池去污效果的影响

以柳叶马鞭草、菖蒲、鸢尾和美人蕉及南方红壤构建5个生物滞留池模拟装置,研究植物和IWS(内部存水区)及其交互作用对径流中TSS、COD、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、TN和TP去除的影响,定期测定植物的叶绿素含量、株高和游离脯氨酸含量等生理指标,以探讨植物的生长适宜性。结果表明:植物对COD、NO_3~--N和TN的去除影响较大,其去除率分别为68.84%~77.28%、13.09%~59.61%和42.41%~71.75%,柳叶马鞭草和美人蕉的NO_3~--N及TN去除能力显著高于菖蒲和鸢尾(P柳叶马鞭草>鸢尾>菖蒲,美人蕉和柳叶马鞭草的去污效果和长势较好,适宜在南方生物滞留池中种植。     

ANAMMOX的快速启动及EPS在ANAMMOX颗粒污泥中的空间分布

为探讨厌氧氨氧化反应的快速启动过程及胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)在厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中的空间分布,采用厌氧序批式反应器(anaerobic sequencing batch reactor,ASBR)接种活性污泥成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应.结果表明稳定运行时,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N去除率均达到99%以上,TN去除率为89.87%±0.43%,总氮(TN)去除负荷达到1.7kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).NH_4~+-N与NO_2~--N的消耗量和NO_3~--N生成量之间的比例关系为1∶(1.32±0.08)∶(0.24±0.03).反应器运行中,出水pH和NO_3~--N浓度可作为反应性能的指标,快速判断反应器运行情况.蛋白质为厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥EPS的主要组分,蛋白质(PN)和多糖(PS)的含量分别为(59.61±5.64)mg·g~(-1)、(12.21±2.04)mg·g~(-1),PN/PS为4.88±1.39.β-D-呋喃葡萄糖和死细胞集中分布在颗粒污泥最外层;活细胞、蛋白质、脂类、α-呋喃葡萄糖和α-甘露糖遍布整个颗粒污泥,但主要集中在外侧.蛋白质和脂类构成了厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的骨架,厌氧氨氧化菌分布在蛋白质和脂类中间.     

中试SAD-ASBR系统处理含盐废水的启动与工艺特性

采用ASBR(530 L)接种A~2/O厌氧污泥,考察了厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)的启动及其与反硝化耦合处理含盐废水的脱氮特性,并对菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,温度35℃±1℃、反应时间为14 h,160 d可实现ANAMMOX的成功启动.稳定运行阶段,ANAMMOX与反硝化耦合(SAD)使得总氮(TN)去除率和去除负荷分别达91.1%和0.45 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);污泥呈浅红色颗粒状,厌氧氨氧化菌为优势菌,且主要菌属为Candidatus Brocadia(10.6%).此外,采用按梯度逐步提高盐度的驯化方式,可实现SAD对高盐(Cl-浓度8 000 mg·L-1)模拟火电厂废水的高效脱氮除碳,COD和TN去除率分别达93.2%和90.0%.推测SAD中反硝化主要为NO_3~--N→N_2,部分反硝化(NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N)仅占30.3%.     

淹没式MBR处理啤酒废水的净化效能

在投加营养物质 ,保持COD∶TN∶TP =10 0∶5∶1的条件下 ,淹没式MBR对合成啤酒废水中的COD、NH 4 N有着较好的去除效果 ,系统稳定时COD与NH 4 N的平均去除率均在 90 %以上 ,而且MBR工艺对进水有机负荷的冲击具有较强的短时适应能力 ,当COD污泥负荷率由 0 2 7g/ (g·d)突然增加至 0 5 4 g/ (g·d)时 ,出水COD浓度未出现明显的波动 .通过GC/MS分析得出 ,膜组件出水中剩余的有机物主要为高分子量的烷烃类 ,膜组件对于保证系统的最终出水水质起到了关键的作用 .当反应器中的污泥处于增长期时 ,在生物同化作用与同步硝化 反硝化共同作用下 ,使得TN具有 4 0 %左右的去除效果 ,当污泥浓度处于稳定期时 ,TN去除率下降为 30 %左右 ,主要是同步硝化 反硝化的结果 .当污泥处于增长期时 ,通过生物同化作用对TP具有一定的去除效果 ,而当污泥浓度稳定后 ,对TP基本没有去除效果 ,甚至有时出现负去除率现象     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.