细菌细胞表面疏水性及在活性污泥中粘附率影响因素研究

以4株小同菌株为对象,研究了培养基类型对细菌细胞表面疏水性的影响,及初始细胞表面疏水性、接触时间等因素与细菌在活性污泥中粘附率的关系.结果表明,培养基类型、培养时间以及菌株的自身特性均会对所培养菌种的表面疏水性产生影响;而初始细胞表面疏水性、接触时间与细菌在活性污泥中的粘附率密切相关.当接触时间较短时(<14 h),初始细胞表面疏水性是影响系统中菌种粘附量的主要因素,且存在某一临界值,当菌种的疏水率低于该值时,菌种粘附量相近,当菌种的疏水率高于该值时,粘附量明显增高,菌种可以迅速粘附到活性污泥中;而当接触时间足够长时(≥38 h),接触时间则成为系统中菌种粘附率的主要影响因素.经预接触,外投高效菌被系统完全吸附后,营养物质的投加或供氧方式的改变均不会引起被吸附菌种的再释放.     

Anammox菌干粉菌剂制备与保藏技术

采用真空干燥法制备anammox菌干粉菌剂,并在4℃恒温真空避光环境中进行为期30d的保藏.同时筛选了烘干保护剂的种类并优化了影响因素,以此对保藏后的anammox菌复壮性能进行研究.实验结果表明:在聚乙烯醇?羧甲基纤维素钠?海藻酸钠?海藻糖和去离子水5种保护剂中,最适宜的保护剂为海藻酸钠,与之对应的烘干温度和保护剂浓度的优化结果为60℃和3%.保藏后的anammox菌经过连续30d的复壮培养,anammox菌活性可恢复至新鲜菌液活性的41%.     

产电菌种对微生物燃料电池性能影响

以玉米秸秆稀酸水解液为阳极底物,用鱼塘底泥源菌种、乳酸菌、盐碱土源菌种为产电微生物构建双室微生物燃料电池(MFCs),研究这3种不同菌源微生物的产电性能及机理。实验条件下测得以鱼塘底泥源菌种、乳酸菌、盐碱土源菌种的MFCs的最大产电量分别为435、400、316 m V;最大功率密度分别为60.5、53.9、43.3 m W/m~2。这3种产电微生物的COD的去除率分别为86.27%、89.32%、82.31%。循环伏安曲线表明鱼塘底泥源菌种具有较高的阳极生物膜活性。3种产电微生物的扩散为半无限扩散特征的Warburg阻抗,由电极外电解质溶液中的氧扩散引起。     

EM菌组成鉴定及其消除垃圾渗滤液恶臭研究

实验将EM原液加入到适合不同菌种生长的固体培养基中分别培养分离,通过观察培养基上生长出的菌落形态和数量,结合培养基适合培养的细菌种类,鉴定出组成EM有效微生物的主要菌种,并将其用于垃圾渗滤液的除臭。结果表明:组成EM原液的有效微生物的主要菌种是乳酸菌、光合细菌、酵母菌、乙酸菌。当EM菌剂浓度为10%时,除臭效果较好。     

微生物技术治理餐厨垃圾 让泔水变废为宝

2005年4月,北京市首座餐厨垃圾资源化集中处理站在上地街道投入运行,辖区内27家餐厅每天产生的3t多泔水被集中收运到处理站进行微生物资源化再生处理,成为国内首个实现无泔水外流的街道。北京某生物科技有限公司选取包括芽孢菌、放线菌、乳酸菌等十几种菌种在内的天然复合微生物菌种,经中国科学院微生物研究所鉴定,这种复合菌种对人体、群体、环境无影响,无毒性,遗传稳定性好。微生物菌种以餐厨垃圾作为培养基,在60℃～80℃的高温下,进行6～8h的发酵,在高温好氧条件下灭杀餐厨垃圾中的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌等病原菌及蛔虫卵等,产出…     

生物淋滤技术处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

介绍了国内外生物淋滤技术在处理垃圾焚烧飞灰方面的研究现状和进展,从选用菌种和影响因素两方面作了详细描述.最后指出研究中存在的问题,并对生物淋滤技术今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

废气降解菌分离及其与影响因素函数关系研究

文章介绍了一株芳香族废气降解菌的筛选过程,以及应用于生物反应器时各因素对甲苯降解的影响。塔式生物滤池是一种高效的废气净化装置,但其对污染物的降解性能受菌种性能、气体流量、液体流量、污染物性质及其量、pH值等条件的共同影响,重点研究了各种影响因素对芳香族废气降解的影响。     

堆肥过程中产生生物表面活性剂的细菌的筛选

从不同温度的堆肥过程中 ( 45℃和 5 5℃ ) ,筛选了产生生物表面活性剂的菌种 ,对产生的生物表面活性剂进行了定性和定量的检验 .实验结果表明 ,Bacillussubtilis是堆肥过程中产生生物表面活性剂的主要菌种之一 ,并验证了其产生的生物表面活性剂为莎梵婷等脂肽类物质 .还对筛选出的优势菌种BacillussubtilisB产剂条件进行了优化 ,强化了它的产剂能力 ,结果表明碳源和氮源对产剂影响较大 ,而Fe2 浓度影响较小 .最后对筛选的菌种及其产生的生物表面活性剂在城市生活垃圾堆肥中的应用作了展望     

利用pH值梯度研究建筑砂浆的酸蚀程度

在两种不同ｐＨ值模拟酸雨和３种浸泡时间条件下，据ｐＨ值梯度测定了各类保护剂处理建筑砂浆试件的酸化层厚度，从而判定保护剂的保护效果，了解酸蚀程度。并分析了影响酸化层厚度的因素。     

污水短程脱氮工艺中亚硝酸盐积累的影响因素

采用主要由厌氧-好氧-缺氧构成的短程脱氮工艺,进行了常温条件下处理生活污水的实验.分析了DO、游离氨(FA)等因素对亚硝酸盐积累的影响.结果表明,DO是影响短程硝化的主要因素,控制好氧1区的DO在1.5~2.5mg/L、好氧2区的DO在0.5~1.0mg/L,可以实现稳定的亚硝酸盐的积累,氨氮去除率达到90%.对氨氧化菌(AOB)进行T-RFLP群落分析表明,该工艺运行中的AOB优势菌种为Nitrosomonas oligotropha culster.     

Effects of cultivation conditions on the diversity of microbes involved in the conversion of rice straw to fodder

To confirm the optimum cultivation conditions for analyzing lactic acid bacterial communities and to provide the cultivation foundation for lactic acid bacterial communities that were used to convert straw into fodder, fermented rice straw was inoculated into 13 different broths. After 48 h of cultivation, pH values, volatile products, and microbial diversity were analyzed. Except for LAB broth, the pH values of the other broths could decrease to approximately 4.5. GC/MS analysis showed that lactic acid in Tomato MRS broth, MRS broth, LAB broth, and Tomato juice broth was higher than that in the other broths. DNA concentration analysis showed that the counts of microbes in Tomato MRS broth were 2.5 times of those in other broths and that tomato juice favored the reproduction of the microbes. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis showed that the number of lactic acid bacterial species in HYA broth, Tomato juice broth, and Tomato MRS broth were higher than those in the other broths.     

Antiviral Potential of Selected Starter Cultures,Bacteriocins and d,l-Lactic Acid

The antiviral potential of selected bacteria species [lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and micrococcaceae] was examined. By this, the effect of their cell-free supernatants as well as of certain species-related metabolites (sakacin A, nisin, and lactic acid) was investigated on different viruses after exposure at 24 °C for 3 days. Viruses were incubated with supernatants and metabolites in a dilution ratio of 1:10. Data for antiviral effects towards murine norovirus S99 (MNV), influenza A virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1), Newcastle disease virus Montana (NDV) and feline herpesvirus KS 285 (FHV) were generated in vitro simulating pH and temperature conditions according to raw sausage fermentations. Investigations showed no antiviral effect of sakacin A and nisin on MNV, H1N1, FHV and NDV. Furthermore, the antiviral potential of d,l-lactic acid was determined for MNV and H1N1. At raw sausage-related pH values (5.0–6.2) it could be shown that the virus titre for MNV and H1N1 was reduced by a maximum of 3.25 log and 2.5 log units, respectively. In addition, 29 culture supernatants of different bacteria species, mainly LAB and staphylococci, were tested for their antiviral activity against MNV. Only the cell-free supernatant of a Lb. curvatus strain showed a higher virus titre reduction of MNV by 1.25 log units compared to the control. Further studies on the characterisation of this cell-free supernatant were carried out, however, the antiviral substance could not be identified so far.     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill effluent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization ( 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill effluent.     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill e uent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization (> 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill e uent.     

食物垃圾开放式乳酸发酵的实验研究

利用食物垃圾发酵生产乳酸,是实现其资源化的有效途径之一.底物不灭菌的开放式发酵,是一种简单、有效的利用食物垃圾生产乳酸的方式.通过对发酵过程中ρ(乳酸),ρ(总糖),ρ(可溶性糖)以及细菌数量变化的研究,对开放式发酵的机理进行了分析.结果表明:食物垃圾适于作为乳酸发酵的底物,在不投加任何营养物质的条件下,能促进乳酸菌的大量增殖.采用开放式发酵,可从食物垃圾产生36.29 g/L的乳酸,远高于封闭式发酵(底物灭菌).垃圾中土著菌群在开放式发酵中起到了分解复杂多糖和为乳酸菌提供可发酵性底物的作用,从而提高ρ(乳酸).      

餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵过程中的微生物多样性分析

采用PCR-DGGE等分析手段,研究了餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵过程中的微生物种群动态变化.结果表明,餐厨垃圾不灭菌而接种的开放式发酵体系中微生物的多样性高于灭菌后接种的非开放式发酵体系,而乳酸产量也是前者高于后者.说明发酵体系中的微生物多样性与乳酸产量有很大的相关性.通过对部分条带的测序可知,餐厨垃圾开放式发酵体系中除含有接种用的嗜淀粉乳杆菌外,还含有很多土著乳酸菌,如Lactobacillus sp.、Lactobacillus casei和Lactobacillus plantarum,以及土著水解菌,如假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)等,这些土著菌的存在是促进乳酸发酵的重要因素.PCR-DGGE结合技术对于成分复杂的餐厨垃圾中的细菌种群结构的动态变化分析是可行的.     

南京江北核心区气候环境宜居性评价

气候环境条件是影响宜居的一个重要因素。运用多层次评价模型,从气象灾害、大气环境、人体健康及生态气象等4个层面筛选出20项指标,构建区域气候环境宜居性的评价体系,基于层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标的权重,并以南京江北核心区为例,对其宜居水平进行评价。结果表明:在青奥生态建设期间(2011—2014年),研究区的宜居水平整体呈上升趋势,属于宜居范畴,接近非常宜居的标准。这反映青奥会期间的环境整治与灾害防治工作初见成效,对江北核心区的宜居性起正效应作用。     

电极活性菌分离过程中微生物群落结构动态特征解析

为探讨培养过程对微生物的选择性作用及电极活性菌在生物膜中的功能地位,采用亨氏厌氧滚管稀释培养技术,以氧化铁为指征,自微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极生物膜中分离电极活性微生物,并对纯菌分离过程中微生物群落结构动态特征进行跟踪监测.结果表明,以乳酸、乙酸和甾体药物生产废水为底物的MFC最高电压分别可达0.57、0.60和0.40 V.种泥以及乳酸、乙酸为底物的阳极膜分离出的优势菌种均为变形杆菌,而甾体废水为底物的阳极膜分离出的优势菌包含变形杆菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌,种类丰富.经过富集培养最终分离获得2株电极活性菌,16S rDNA测序鉴定为路德维希肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii)和弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii).以乳酸为底物,两株纯菌可分别获得0.10V和0.17 V的最大电压.该研究表明,应用氧化铁为指征的厌氧梯度稀释培养技术可分离到电极活性微生物,但由于分离过程的选择作用,微生物群落结构动态变化特征显著.     

产酸-硫酸盐还原系统中产酸菌的发酵类型及其与SRB的协同作用

通过间歇实验和连续流试验 ,探讨了利用产酸相处理硫酸盐有机废水时产酸菌 (AB)的主要发酵类型、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)对底物的利用规律以及系统中这两大菌群间的协同关系 .间歇实验结果表明 ,AB的液相末端产物中乙醇占 3 5 6 %、乙酸占 3 7 7% ,同时有氢气产生 ,属于乙醇型发酵类型 .SRB容易利用的底物为氢气、乙醇和乳酸 ,不易利用乙酸、丙酸和丁酸 .SRB将乙醇转化为乙酸 ,而乙酸极少被继续转化 ,导致反应器内出现乙酸积累现象 .连续流试验结果表明 ,系统中硫酸根还原效果与产酸菌和硫酸盐还原菌的协同作用状态密切相关 :当产酸菌和硫酸盐还原菌处于较好的协同作用状态时 ,系统对硫酸根的转化率较高 ;反之则使硫酸根的转化率降低     

对一株海洋发光细菌保存方法的探究

从乌贼体表及内脏中提取一株海洋发光细菌,进行分离、纯化。通过四种不同保存方法对该株发光菌进行保存,测定了发光菌在存活期内的相对发光强度,探讨了最佳保存方法,比较发现:低温甘油法可在短期内替代条件苛刻的冷冻干燥法,可保存至少一年,沙土管保存法发光菌复苏效果差,不适宜保存发光菌,常温石蜡保存在实验室条件下可短期保存半年。