Enhanced removal of ethylbenzene from gas streams in biotrickling filters by Tween-20 and Zn(II)

The effects of Tween-20 and Zn（II） on ethylbenzene removal were evaluated using two biotrickling filters（BTFs）, BTF1 and BTF2. Only BTF1 was fed with Tween-20 and Zn（II）.Results show that ethylbenzene removal decreased from 94% to 69% for BTF1 and from 74%to 54% for BTF2 with increased organic loading from 64.8 to 189.0 g ethylbenzene/（m3·hr） at EBRT of 40 sec. The effect of EBRT（60–15 sec） at a constant ethylbenzene inlet concentration was more significant than that of EBRT（30–10 sec） at a constant organic loading. Biomass accumulation rate within packing media was reduced significantly.     

生物滴滤塔中两种优势菌种对高浓度甲苯废气净化对比实验

以陶粒为填料,用分别负载2种单一降解甲苯的优势菌种S1、S2的生物滴滤塔净化高浓度甲苯废气的性能进行对比实验研究,实验结果表明:虽然2种优势菌种同为芽孢杆菌,但是菌种S1在降解能力以及停用后恢复等各项指标中均明显高于菌种S2。当甲苯进口浓度低于5.81 mg/L时,S1菌种的去除率始终保持在90%以上,最高的进口浓度达到10.00 mg/L时,甲苯的去除率也可以达到59.78%。对于S2菌种而言,当最高进口浓度达到5.72 mg/L,甲苯的降解率仅可以达到65.65%。两个滴滤塔在停用后恢复运行时,菌种S1可以在极短的时间内恢复,菌种S2则是规律性的在恢复初期出现降解率最低点,且甲苯降解效率只能恢复到70%~80%。     

生物滴滤器净化甲苯废气研究

为探索气态挥发性有机污染物（ＶＯＣｓ）高负荷生物滴滤器（ＢＴＦ）处理的可能性，采用筛选出的纤维附着活性载体材料，用经以甲苯为唯一碳源驯化而得的微生物菌种，进行了甲苯废气的净化实验。结果表明：采用ＡＣＯＦ的ＢＴＦ最大消除能力值可达２８０ｇ／ｍ＾２．ｈ。在甲七小于２８０ｇ／ｍ＾３．ｈ，停留时间１５．７ｓ的条件下，表观气速２３０ｍ／ｈ时间可保持９０％以上的净化效率。闲置恢复实验表明：数地的停运闲置对设备     

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.     

生物滴滤器中水分对憎水性气态污染物净化性能的影响

通过改变稳定工况下的液气比和测定风干过程中滴滤床净化和阻力性能变化,研究了水分对气体生物滴滤器(BTF)净化甲苯性能的影响,结果表明,生物滴滤器净化憎水性挥发性有机物的性能受滤床水分影响较大,与通常气液吸收过程不同,憎水性气体挥发性有机物的生物滴滤过程存在达到最佳净化效果的液气比,风干过程实验表明,滴滤器中水分含量太高,会影响憎水性污染物和氧气等在气相与生物相之间的传质过程;但水分太低又会影响滴滤器内生物相的活性,对生物滴滤器净化憎水性挥发性有机物而言,存在最适滤床水分,可通过监测设备压降来控制滴滤塔内水分。     

生活垃圾堆肥恶臭气体的生物滴滤净化性能研究

城市生活垃圾生物处理过程中会产生并散发大量的恶臭物质. 以纤维表面活性炭(ACOF)生物滴滤器(BTF)为载体,以进气风量及循环液流量为调控参数,对城市生活垃圾生化预处理过程中散发的恶臭气体进行现场试验. 结果表明:高气力负荷时,生物滴滤器对恶臭气体具有较好的净化效果.在空塔气速为1 274 m/h,液气比为1 L/m3左右时,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的去除率可保持在70%以上,而臭气浓度的去除率也大于70%,设备压降为2 150 Pa左右,总挥发性有机物(以异丁烯计)的消除能力可达130 g/(m3·h). BTF运行过程中压降保持相对稳定,循环液中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₃-N)未出现明显的累积现象,说明BTF对于污染物有良好的降解能力.      

间歇喷淋营养液对生物滴滤塔净化甲苯的影响

为探索间歇喷淋营养液对生物滴滤塔的影响,以净化甲苯为研究对象,应用FX1N-14MR-001型可编程逻辑控制器(PLC),实现生物滴滤塔的间歇喷淋营养液操作,研究了环境温度、ρ(TN)、营养液喷淋密度和喷/停时间对净化甲苯能力的影响,并对机理进行了分析. 结果表明:当生物滴滤塔系统的气体停留时间为40.70s时,营养液最佳喷淋密度为4.5L/(m2·min),最佳喷/停时间为2min/4min. 当甲苯系统进口负荷小于88.29g/(m3·h)时,甲苯的去除率可达95.0%以上;当进口负荷为186.04g/(m3·h)时,甲苯的去除率为87.6%,系统对甲苯的最大去除能力由连续喷淋时的169.63g/(m3·h)升至248.85g/(m3·h).      

非稳态条件下生物滴滤塔净化甲苯废气的实验

在接近于工业应用的非稳定条件下,以陶粒为填料,恶臭假单胞菌为单一菌源,甲苯为目标污染物,对生物滴滤塔的抗负荷冲击与抗饥饿能力进行研究。结果表明,停留时间及进气污染负荷的瞬间变化不会造成滤塔处理性能明显下降,仅为7%左右,12h内基本恢复,最大去除能力为136.49g/(m3.h);碳源与氮源的突然中断以及短期的闲置,对滤塔处理性能的影响均较小;填料层中水分的含量是影响滤塔处理性能的一个重要因素。     

生物滴滤塔同步降解多组分挥发性有机物的实验研究

采用定向驯化活性污泥接种生物滴滤塔(BTF)同时处理甲苯、甲醇、丙烯酸乙酯挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)混合废气,考察BTF的长期稳定运行性能及微生物平均代谢活性.结果表明,混合气进口浓度低于910mg/m3时,BTF对VOCs混合废气总去除率可维持在80%以上,BTF可高效同步净化中低浓度VOCs混合废气;当进气负荷>120g/(m3·h)时,去除负荷趋于稳定,为100g/(m3·h)左右;CO2的生成量与混合废气的去除负荷的比值为1.731,表明BTF对此3种混合废气有较高程度的矿化;BTF对甲苯、甲醇、丙烯酸乙酯的降解行为符合Michaelis-Menten动力学模型,单位体积最大降解速率rmax分别是为90.9,50.5,58.5 g/(m3·h).平均吸光度(AWCD)值分析结果表明塔内微生物具有较高的代谢活性.     

SDS对生物滴滤器处理正己烷气体及生物膜分泌物组成的影响

利用两套相同实验室规模的生物滴滤器(Biotrickling filters,BTFs)(BTF1对照组和BTF2添加表面活性剂SDS)进行表面活性剂SDS强化正己烷生物降解实验,对比分析了正己烷在3种表面活性剂SDS、Tween20和Triton X-100中的分配系数(K),并在正己烷进口负荷为72 g·m-3·h-1的条件下探讨了SDS添加量对生物滴滤器性能和不同填料层生物膜分泌物组成的影响.结果表明,正己烷在3种表面活性剂中的分配系数要远低于其在水中的分配系数,且在SDS中的分配系数最低.由于SDS的添加能促进正己烷在水中的溶解度,SDS浓度在158.6mg·L~(-1)时,正己烷的去除率从50%(BTF1)增加到70%(BTF2),相应的去除能力达到50.4 g·m-3·h-1.但作为碳源,高浓度SDS与正己烷之间存在竞争作用,当SDS浓度为475.8 mg·L~(-1)和793.0 mg·L~(-1)时,BTF2对正己烷的去除性能低于BTF1的.BTF1第2层填料上生物膜分泌的蛋白质和多糖含量要高于其它几层填料,而当BTF2中SDS浓度在158.6 mg·L~(-1)时,第2层填料上生物膜分泌的蛋白质含量和多糖均高于BTF1中第2层填料.     

苯系混合气体生物滴滤器非稳态工况性能

用以纤维附着活性炭(ACOF)和不锈钢丝网为载体材料的气体生物滴滤器(BTF)进行了净化TEX(甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯)混合气体的负荷冲击和闲置恢复运行.负荷冲击实验表明,在最大消除能力范围以内,污染负荷加倍后,起始阶段净化效率下降20%左右,但2d后就基本恢复原有效率.闲置恢复实验表明,8～12 h的停运闲置对设备的性能基本无影响;2d闲置停运后,恢复开机时性能下降20%左右,但在4～6h内便能恢复;29d的闲置对设备的性能影响较大,恢复开机时性能下降70%～80%,需10d左右的时间才能基本恢复.结果表明,采用ACOF和不锈钢丝网的BTF具较好的抗负荷变化及缓冲能力.     

一种多介质层波形潜流人工湿地处理重污染河水试验

我国河流污染严重,城市黑臭水体的比率日益增加。人工湿地作为一种高效低耗能的绿色处理技术,已被广泛应用于污染河水的治理。通过对比分析分层装填复合填料的多介质层波形潜流人工湿地和单一砾石填料的普通人工湿地处理重污染河水的效果,研究了特种基质填料强化脱氮除磷作用以及不同水力负荷条件的影响。试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到55.95%、77.85%、39.80%和54.94%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到58.52%、75.99%、67.08%和57.31%。在水力负荷为0.5 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到68.46%、90.73%、42.13%和53.70%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到69.61%、89.94%、77.58%和68.63%,其脱氮效果明显好于普通湿地。以复合填料包分层装填的波形潜流人工湿地系统具有良好的脱氮除磷效果,有很好的推广应用价值。     

静态磁场对生物滴滤池强化的研究——以三氯乙烯废气的去除及细菌群落结构研究为例

构建了实验室规模磁场强化的生物滴滤池（MF-BTF）,并设对照生物滴滤池（S-BTF）,以火山石为载体,接种活性污泥,处理目标废气三氯乙烯（TCE）.研究了不同磁场强度下,2种生物滴滤池在稳定运行期间对TCE的去除效果,并采用高通量测序技术对滴滤池中细菌群落结构与功能进行了分析.实验结果表明：在好氧条件下,当空床停留时间（EBRT）为202.5s,苯酚浓度为0.20g/L,TCE浓度范围为53.6~337.1mg/m³时,对TCE的去除效果依次为MF-BTF（60.0mT） > MF-BTF（30.0mT） > S-BTF（0.0mT） > MF-BTF（130.0mT）,其去除率（RE）和最大去除容量（EC）分别为92.2%~45.5%,2656.8mg/（m³×h）;89.8%~37.2%,2169.1mg/（m³×h）;89.8%~29.8%,1967.7mg/（m³×h）;76.0%~20.8%,1697.1mg/（m³×h）.高通量测序结果表明：磁场强度为60.0mT时,细菌群落均匀度（Shannon index,Simpson index）及丰富度（OTUs,Chao1,ACE）均小于0.0mT的情况;但是60.0mT下优势门、纲、属为Proteobacteria,Gammaproteobacteria,Acinetobacter,丰度明显大于0.0mT,丰度分别为73.3%,36.8%,34.7%;69.6%,18.2%,10.9%.实验结果表明合适的磁场强度可以增大优势菌群的丰度,提高对TCE的去除效果.本实验为提高生物滴滤池的工业废气处理效果提供了有效的借鉴,具有广泛的应用前景.     

利用新型组合填料的生物滴滤塔净化混合废气研究

建立了生物滴滤中试装置,并将前期研发的纹翼多面球和空心多面柱作为组合填料,以甲苯和乙醇混合气为废气,研究了组合填料生物滴滤塔的污染物去除性能.结果表明,装有组合填料的生物滴滤塔能在8 d内完成挂膜,稳定运行时对甲苯和乙醇的去除负荷分别为97.14 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和113.10 g·(m3·h)~(-1).空床停留时间(EBRT)和进气浓度对甲苯去除效果影响明显,当EBRT为21.11 s,甲苯和乙醇最大去除负荷分别为123.34 g·(m3·h)~(-1)和206.36 g·(m3·h)~(-1);受营养液喷淋量影响不明显,本系统最佳液气比为6.82 L·m~(-3).模拟了不稳定工况对系统处理效果的影响,用Na OH溶液减轻填料层堵塞效果明显,并可以3 d内恢复对甲苯和乙醇的去除效果;停运10 d后继续运行,净化性能可迅速恢复.     

鼠李糖脂强化生物滴滤塔去除乙苯废气效能及菌群结构研究

对添加表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后生物滴滤塔(BTF)去除乙苯废气的效能及滴滤塔中微生物16S r DNA高通量测序结果进行分析,探讨了鼠李糖脂对生物滴滤塔处理有机废气效能的影响机理.结果发现:鼠李糖脂在浓度为21.6 mg·L~(-1)时对微生物生长的促进作用尤为明显,BTF2(添加鼠李糖脂)和BTF1(对照)在挂膜启动期间生物量都呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,添加鼠李糖脂的BTF2在第35 d时生物量比BTF1增加了39.62 mg·g-1.BTF2的挂膜启动时间比BTF1缩短了5 d,并且系统挂膜稳定后对乙苯废气的去除率提高了12%.BTF1和BTF2的微生物群落组成基本相同,主要优势菌群是变形杆菌门.在BTF1系统中,变形杆菌门占62.3%;在BTF2系统中,变形杆菌门占81.9%.在属水平上,BTF1下层系统的主要优势菌属占45.7%,在BTF2下层系统主要优势菌属占73.4%.研究表明,在BTF系统中添加鼠李糖脂可以促进优势菌的富集生长,缩短系统启动挂膜时间,强化BTF系统对乙苯的降解,并提高BTF的去除效率和稳定性.     

降解乙苯生物滴滤塔稳定运行期生物膜特征及微生物多样性研究

通过检测降解乙苯生物滴滤塔(BTF)长期稳定运行过程中生物量积累、塔内压降改变、生物膜显微结构特征、微生物种群分布及优势菌株分子测序,探讨BTF稳定运行期间生物膜相结构、特征及菌群多样性协作作用的规律.结果表明,生物滴滤塔运行95 d期间的降解性能稳定,降解效率保持在90%以上,最大去除负荷为62.4 g·m~(-3)·h~(-1);BTF稳定运行期间生物膜形态、颜色和厚度沿着BTF塔内废气的流向呈现不均匀分布和梯度改变的特征.生物量和生物膜的致密度沿气流方向逐步递减;塔内压降随着反应时间延长逐渐增加,但未出现堵塞现象;生物膜种群营养结构复杂,食物链长且相互交叉,高端营养级微生物种群所占比例较高;采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)和分子测序技术研究降解乙苯生物滴滤塔填料表面菌群的分布特征,结果表明,在BTF不同塔层上菌群分布稍有差异,表现出明显的空间多样性,但是整个BTF生物膜具有一定的稳定性,主要的优势菌群为变形杆菌,其中优势菌包括3种伽马变形杆菌和4种贝塔变形杆菌.     

DBD协同CuO/MnO2耦合生物滴滤塔降解氯苯的工艺性能分析

以氯苯为目标污染物,选择CuO/MnO_2作为耦合系统中的催化剂,采用介质阻挡放电(Dielectric Barrier Discharge,DBD)技术协同催化作为生物系统的预处理技术,开展废气净化的研究.实验结果发现,耦合生物滴滤塔(Biotrickling Filter,BTF)和单一生物滴滤塔系统分别在13 d和15 d内完成挂膜,氯苯的去除率分别达到100%和97%.稳定运行期,停留时间(EBRT)为90 s时,单一BTF在处理低进气浓度氯苯废气时,去除效果与耦合系统相当;进气浓度较大时,耦合系统的处理效果要明显优于单一BTF.EBRT缩短至45 s时,无论氯苯进气浓度高或低,耦合系统的处理效果均优于单一BTF.单一BTF的最大去除负荷(Eliminatory Capacity,ECmax)为41 g·m~(-3)·h~(-1),在同样实验条件下,耦合系统未达到最大去除负荷,而耦合系统和单一BTF对氯苯的矿化率分别为95%和86%.DBD协同催化能有效改善BTF对于高进气负荷氯苯废气的处理,预处理工艺能强化BTF对氯苯废气的彻底净化.通过对各功能单元对氯苯去除的贡献分析,发现DBD协同CuO/MnO_2工艺主要负责转化氯苯,BTF下段填料主要负责预处理工艺产生的中间产物的矿化,BTF上段填料主要负责剩余氯苯的去除及其矿化.     

EGSB反应器在20℃下处理啤酒废水的工艺及微生物学研究

在20℃下连续运行厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器,对其处理模拟啤酒废水的工艺运行、污泥特性及微生物种群结构进行研究,结果表明:①HRT为18 h,经184 d的运行,EGSB反应器的有机负荷(以COD计)可达10 kg/(m3·d),COD去除率为85%以上,去除1 kg COD可产沼气0.58 m3;②随有机负荷逐渐提高,颗粒污泥粒径逐渐增大,沉降性能逐渐提高,但当负荷达到10 kg/(m3·d)时,颗粒污泥平均粒径有变小趋势;与中温厌氧污泥相比,低温污泥的胞外多聚物(ECP)总量有较大增加,其中蛋白质含量增加明显;③与接种污泥相比,在20℃下运行不同时期污泥中产甲烷菌的种类未发生明显变化,但接种同样颗粒污泥在15℃下运行6个月后污泥中的优势产甲烷菌种发生了明显的变化.     

Effects of mixture ratio on anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable waste and food waste of China

The biochemical methane potentials for typical fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) from a northern China city were investigated, which were 0.30, 0.56 m3 CH4/kgVS (volatile solids) with biodegradabilities of 59.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Individual anaerobic digestion testes of FVW and FW were conducted at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg VS/(m3 day) using a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor at 35°C. FVW could be digested stably with the biogas production rate of 2.17 m3/(m3 day) and methane production yield of 0.42 m3 CH4/kg VS. However, anaerobic digestion process for FW was failed due to acids accumulation. The effects of FVW: FW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were further investigated at the same OLR. At FVW and FW mixing ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, the performance and operation of the digester were maintained stable, with no accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Changing the feed to a higher FW content in a ratio of FVW to FW 1:2, resulted in an increase in VFAs concentration to 1100–1200 mg/L, and the methanogenesis was slightly inhibited. At the optimum mixture ratio 1:1 for co-digestion of FVW with FW, the methane production yield was 0.49 m3 CH4/kg VS, and the volatile solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiencies were 74.9% and 96.1%, respectively.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.