大庆龙凤湿地的植被与植物资源

较详细地分析了大庆龙凤湿地的植被类型、分布、组成以及植物资源特点,分析了植被的自然演替规律和人为影响因素,提出了加强龙凤湿地保护的建议和对策.     

关于大庆市龙凤湿地自然保护区实现可持续发展的建议

本文主要阐述大庆市龙凤湿地自然保护区状况,在此基础上就如何做好龙凤湿地自然保护区规划建设和管理以实现其可持续发展进行深刻的思考,进而提出作者的建议.     

大庆龙凤湿地野生动物资源调查研究

通过调查,大庆龙凤湿地有脊椎动物207种,其中兽类13种,鸟类142种,两栖、爬行类共7种,鱼类45种,占黑龙江省动物总数的38.2%左右.区系成分以古北界种占绝对优势,广布种亦混杂其中.湿地有珍稀濒危动物43种,其中国家Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级保护动物有24种,湿地经济动物种类较多,在本区域有较高的生物多样性.     

中国自然保护区发展与湿地保护

１引言湿地是地球上生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一，同时有着巨大的生态服务功能。湿地广泛分布于世界各地，但由于资源的竞争性开发利用，湿地被破坏的情况经常发生。中国是一个湿地资源十分丰富的国家，然而人口多，经济快速发展，对湿地生态的压力也很大。中国政府高度重视湿地保护，把维持湿地基本生态过程、保障湿地资源合理利用作为环境保护的重要内容。多年来，环保、林业、农业、水利、海洋和科研、教育等部门结合各自业务，在湿地保护上开展了大量工作，并取得了显著的成绩。其中一条重要经验就是建立自然保护区，依法保护湿地生…     

基于环境自净能力的龙凤湿地水质改善优化调控模型

为解决城市湿地生态系统存在的严重污染问题,找到合理的排污削减方案,选择大庆市龙凤湿地作为研究对象,以主要的污染物NH_3-N、TP、COD_(Cr)和石油类污染物为指标,应用MIKE21建立试验湿地二维水动力和水质耦合模型,采用数值模拟的方法,研究提出湿地水质改善的优化调控模型.进而,采用模拟试验研究了清淤、曝气、补水及上述措施两两组合下的调控方案对改善龙凤湿地水质效果的影响.结果表明:单一工程措施下无法使染物削减到控制目标浓度,各类措施的削减效果为补水清淤曝气;在各组合情况下,补水+清淤方案的削减作用更佳;在工程措施相同情况下,提高排污标准也能起到削减作用.最后,在考虑不同排污方式下既能使污染物排放达标、又能充分利用湿地纳污能力的前提下,优选出了最佳方案.     

豫北黄河故道湿地国家级自然保护区现状及保护对策

河南豫北黄河故道湿地鸟类国家级自然保护区是我国黄河下游地区重要的湿地之一，本文针对保护区所处的地理位置和自然资源、鸟类资源进行了叙述，对保护区重要性进行了分析。并对目前存在的湿地退化，土地管理权滞后，人为破坏严重等问题，提出了若干保护对策。     

关于大庆龙凤湿地环境管理问题的思考

大庆龙凤湿地是除香港外国内唯一的城区中的湿地,在城市生态环境保护中具有重要意义。虽然建成自然保护区,并设立保护区管理处,但湿地资源仍受到破坏。剖析大庆龙凤湿地环境管理中问题的产生原因,研究湿地的保护措施及合理开发利用。     

我省将在京津周围新建19个湿地自然保护区

据悉，到2015年，河北将在京津周围新建19个湿地自然保护区，届时加上已有的衡水湖、白洋淀等自然保护区，河北省环京津周围的湿地保护区将达到23个。新建的19个湿地保护区总保护面积近60万公顷。     

大庆龙凤湿地土壤硒的结合态与分布特征

为了解大庆龙凤湿地土壤硒的含量、形态,应用连续浸提的方法研究了大庆龙凤湿地保护区4个样区20个样点4个不同层次的土壤中硒的含量、形态、剖面分布,并对土壤中影响硒元素沉积量的相关理化性质进行了测定。结果表明,大庆龙凤湿地土壤全硒含量在垂直分布上没有明显的规律,变幅在121～150μg/kg之间,属于少硒土壤,在各种结合态硒中,水溶性硒仅占土壤全硒含量的1.5%～3.3%,交换态硒占3.6%～7.4%,有机态硒占24.0%～43.9%,酸溶态硒、硫化态硒和残余态硒3种无效态硒共占50%以上。土壤有机质、pH值及土壤粘粒是影响土壤硒含量的主要因素,并且由于土壤有效硒含量低、无效硒比例高导致硒的利用率低,这可能是本地区人与生物缺硒的主要原因之一。     

湿地保护呼唤明确的法律概念

我国湿地保护陷入困境的根本原因在于没有确定湿地的法律概念,导致了湿地保护范围不明、管理体制不顺,无法遏止湿地数量与质量双重下降的趋势,亟需通过制定湿地保护的专门法律,建立以科学概念为基础的湿地法律概念,明确湿地保护的范围和对象,建立合理的湿地保护管理体制。在我国,湿地的重要性远未引起足够的重视。湿地具有水陆结合的性质,围填容易、成本低廉,这些使其极易成为经济快速发展中"造地"运动的牺牲品。近20年来,我国顺应国际社会加强湿地保护的大趋势,发布和实施了《中国湿地保护行动计     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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