生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液生化出水的混凝机理研究

分别采用Al₂(SO₄)₃、FeCl₃、PAC、PAFC对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液生化出水进行混凝研究,并建立混凝处理模型.结果表明,在pH值为6时,单独投加500 mg/L的Al₂(SO₄)₃、FeCl₃、PAC、PAFC时,COD去除率分别为20％、17％、30％、40％.焚烧厂渗滤液生化出水中有机物主要是由相对分子质量小于2 000的可溶性物质组成;通过透射电镜扫描技术(TEM)和Zeta电位分析,发现中和及网捕桥联是渗滤液混凝处理的主要作用机理;相比无机盐混凝剂,聚合物混凝剂具有较强的电中和以及网捕架桥功能.     

磁性CeO2-Fe3O4复合材料光催化/吸附去除水中As(III)

原水砷污染问题严重威胁饮用水水质安全,随着生活饮用水标准的提高,致使多地饮用水中砷超标问题突显.本研究利用CeO₂半导体的光催化活性及CeO₂和Fe₃O₄对As（V）的强亲和力,合成了双组份磁性CeO₂-Fe₃O₄复合材料,并采用SEM、XRD、BET和VSM等手段进行表征,考察复合材料的光催化/吸附除砷效果;研究了初始pH值、共存离子等因素对吸附除砷效果的影响;采用等温吸附模型、吸附动力学模型等手段进行吸附特性研究.实验结果表明,在光催化过程中,·OH和·O₂^-为主要的活性氧化物种.在紫外照射下,As（Ⅲ）能完全被氧化为毒性较低的As（V）,同时将As（V）高效吸附于CeO₂-Fe₃O₄粒子表面.在中性条件下,CeO₂-Fe₃O₄粒子对砷的饱和吸附量为122.19 mg·g^-1.共存离子Cl^-和SO₄^2-对As（V）的吸附没有显著影响,而CO₃^2-、SiO₃^2-和PO₄^3-与As（V）存在明显的竞争吸附,使As（V）的吸附去除效果明显降低.吸附动力学和吸附等温线模拟分别符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich吸附等温线,表明As（V）的吸附以化学吸附为主导.CeO₂-Fe₃O₄复合吸附剂可快速实现固液分离,容易再生且重复利用性较好,具有广泛的应用前景.     

高锰酸钾强化三氯化铁共沉降法去除亚砷酸盐的效能与机理

研究了不同水质条件下KMnO₄强化FeCl₃共沉降去除亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]的效能与机理.考察了pH值、天然有机物(NOM)等因素对As去除效能的影响.结果表明,投加KMnO₄显著提高了FeCl₃共沉降除砷(FCP)工艺对As(Ⅲ)的去除效能.随着Fe(Ⅲ)投量由2.0mg/L增大到8.0mg/L,对于FCP工艺,As去除率由41.3%提高到75.4%;而对于KMnO₄-FeCl₃共沉降除砷(POFCP)工艺,As去除率则由61.2%提高至99.3%.FCP及POFCP工艺对As的去除率均随着pH值的升高而升高;与FCP工艺比较,pH值对POFCP工艺除As效果影响较小;NOM降低了FCP工艺对As的去除率,而对POFCP工艺无明显影响.KMnO₄的氧化作用是强化As(Ⅲ)去除效能的主要因素,而KMnO₄的还原产物水合MnO₂(s)对As(Ⅲ)也具有一定的去除能力.POFCP工艺是强化去除水中As(Ⅲ),以保障安全饮用水供给的有效方法.     

载铁(β-FeOOH)球形棉纤维素吸附剂去除地下水As(Ⅴ)的研究

制备了一种载铁(β- FeOOH)球形棉纤维素吸附剂,球珠孔隙度大,强度好,活性成分铁的载入量可高达360mg/mL ,(质量分数达50%) ,活性好.研究表明,当铁含量为220mg/mL时,该吸附剂对As(V)的最大吸附量为15.6mg/mL(33.2mg/g) ,Langmuir和Freundlich方程能很好地描述吸附等温线.吸附速度较快,10h可达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级方程.SiO₃^2- ,SO₄^2-,Cl^-干扰离子均不影响砷的去除.柱吸附实验表明,空床停留时间为5.9min ,进水As(V)浓度为500μg/L时,As(V)的穿透体积为5000BV .吸附剂可以用1.5mol·L^-1 NaOH再生,洗脱和再生效率可达90%以上.活性成分β-FeOOH形态稳定,柱操作和再生时铁无溶出.吸附剂制备方法简单,新颖,对地下水和饮用水砷去除具有较好的应用前景.     

负载型纳米铁吸附剂去除饮用水中As(Ⅲ)的研究

以活性炭为载体,利用液相还原方法制备了一种负载型纳米铁吸附剂,载入量(Fe/炭)为82.0 mg/g.纳米铁在活性炭孔内呈针状,其直径为30～500 nm,长度为1?000～3?000 nm.该吸附剂在pH 6.5,(25±2)℃,As(Ⅲ)初始浓度为2 mg/Ｌ,吸附剂用量为1.0 g/Ｌ时,As(Ⅲ)的去除率为99.86%,吸附剂的砷吸附容量为1.997 mg/g;吸附速率在前12 h较快,可达94.3%,72 h达到吸附平衡.吸附过程中As(Ⅲ)部分被吸附剂氧化.PO^３－₄、SiO^２－_３对As(Ⅲ)的去除抑制较大,而SO^２－₄、CO^２－_３、C₂Ｏ^２－₄等离子对砷的去除影响较小.吸附平衡后的吸附剂可以用0.1 mol/Ｌ NaOH溶液洗脱再生,再生效率较高.室内实验数据表明,该吸附剂在饮用水除砷领域具有较好的应用前景.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除As(III)和As(V)的动力学过程及性能研究

本研究系统分析了不同初始砷浓度和不同nZVI投加量等条件下,nZVI去除As（III）和As（V）的动力学过程和除砷性能.结果表明,nZVI可快速有效地去除As（III）和As（V）,除砷过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且As（III）的去除速率明显快于As（V）.在砷浓度为5 mg·L^-1时,As（III）去除速率常数达最大值0.30 g·mg^-1·min^-1,为As（V）去除速率（0.034 g·mg^-1·min^-1）的8.8倍.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型拟合结果表明,nZVI除砷速率是由外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制的.分析反应平衡时砷浓度测定结果,发现不同砷浓度条件下nZVI对As（III）的去除量为As（V）的1.5~2.6倍,nZVI对砷的去除量随初始砷浓度增加而降低,随nZVI投加量增加而增加.砷浓度为50.0 mg·L^-1时,As（III）和As（V）去除量达到最高,分别为152.14 mg·g^-1和62.02 mg·g^-1,均高于传统（羟基）氧化铁对As（III）和As（V）的去除量.因此,nZVI可高效去除水中As（III）和As（V）,且用于修复以As（III）污染为主的地下水更具有优势.     

化学沉淀分离-置换法提纯Al13的工艺研究

采用AlCl₃溶液和Na₂CO₃粉末在不同温度下制备了不同浓度的聚合氯化铝(PACl). 以选定的中等浓度、高Al₁₃含量的PACl为原液,研究了Al₁₃与硫酸盐沉淀反应过程中SO₄/Al摩尔比、反应体系起始总铝浓度的影响以及Al₁₃硫酸盐与Ba(NO₃)₂置换反应过程中的Ba/SO₄摩尔比、超声、温度等因素的影响. 实验结果表明,在制备温度为50℃条件下,浓度在0.4～0.6　mol/L范围的PACl含有较高的Al₁₃. 沉淀分离反应的最佳SO₄/Al摩尔比为0.6∶1;生成的 Al₁₃硫酸盐沉淀物为正四面体状晶体. 在Al₁₃硫酸盐与Ba(NO₃)₂溶液置换反应过程中,Ba/SO₄的最佳摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度及超声作用对置换反应的影响较小;提高Ba(NO₃)₂的起始浓度可以得到相应较高浓度的纯化Al₁₃溶液. 所得Al₁₃纯度的统计平均值为92.1％.     

投加聚合铝铁对A2O系统脱氮除磷效能的影响及机制

为研究A²O污水处理系统聚合铝铁投加对污水中TP的强化去除及对其他污染物的协同去除,通过小试试验对比研究了聚合铝铁分别在A²O系统曝气池前端和末端投加时各污染物的去除特征. 结果表明,与前端投加相比,聚合铝铁在曝气池末端的投加能够显著提升系统对污水中TP和NH₄⁺-N的去除率,但聚合铝铁末端投加时系统出水中ρ(NO₃--N)高于前端投加. 结果表明,聚合铝铁投加量〔以ρ(Al)计〕为4 mg/L时去除效果最好,此时系统对CODCr、TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP的去除率分别为93.3%、64.6%、83.6%和97.6%,出水中ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄⁺-N) 和ρ(TP)分别为19.8、15.3、6.1和0.2 mg/L. 另外,在10 ℃下运行时,聚合铝铁对生活污水中TP及NH₄⁺-N的去除更为有效.     

Efficient purification of Al30 by organic complexation method

A method was developed for preparing high purity Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₄^18 + (Al₃₀) through elimination of impurities by complexation. Polyaluminum chloride II (PAC₃₀) with Al_c content of 75% was adopted as the source of Al₃₀. The PAC₃₀ was prepared under conditions of total aluminum concentration 0.1?mol/L and OH^?/Al ratio 2.2 to obtain the highest content of Al₃₀. A precipitation/metathesis method, organic solvent precipitation method and organic complexation method were examined to separate and purify Al₃₀. It was found that only by the organic complexation method could high purity Al₃₀ products be obtained in large yield economically. In the experiments, benzoic acid was used as the coordinating reagent to decompose the main impurity AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂^7 + (Al₁₃), and the Al₃₀ product could be obtained by precipitation and metathesis operations. It was noteworthy that the decomposition of impurities by benzoic acid could be completed in 2?hr. The Al₃₀ product was characterized by Ferron assay, ²⁷Al-NMR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The results showed that the purity of the Al₃₀ product could exceed 92%.     

聚合氯化铝中Alb形态去除腐殖酸的效果及机制研究

Al_b形态［Al₁₂AlO₄(OH)₂₄⁷⁺］是聚合氯化铝（polyaluminium chloride, PAC）水解-聚合作用中形成的一种粒度小、所带正电荷多、聚集程度高及分子量大的多核羟基配合物.本试验采用乙醇-丙酮混合沉淀法分离PAC溶液中各种铝形态,提纯出Al_b形态（Al_b絮凝剂）.研究投加量、pH及无机离子对Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样絮凝效果的影响,并利用光散射颗粒分析仪（PDA2000）测定Al_b絮凝剂对腐殖酸絮凝过程中絮体的形成与增长过程的动态变化,结合絮体的Zeta电位,对Al_b絮凝剂的絮凝机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当投加量为4.3～6.3 mg/L、pH值为3.0～6.0时,Al_b絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样达到最佳絮凝效果;NH⁺₄、SiO^2-₃、H₂PO^-₄的存在明显抑制其絮凝性能.絮凝动力学过程和絮体Zeta电位表明,Al_b絮凝剂在水处理中主要是通过电中和作用和吸附网捕卷扫作用共同起絮凝作用的.     

强化混凝去除微污染饮用原水中的As(III)

以聚合硫酸铁和聚合氯化铝为混凝剂,采用强化混凝的处理方法,对微污染饮用水原水中微量砷的去除进行了研究.考察了pH值、氧化剂用量、混凝剂投加量、砷初始浓度和原水浊度等因素对砷去除的影响.结果表明,聚合硫酸铁除砷效果好于聚合氯化铝;在pH值为6~8,微污染原水砷浓度为0.1mg/L,聚合硫酸铁投加量为0.078mmol/L时,可使滤后水中砷浓度低于0.01mg/L.     

Spatial variations of aluminum species in drinking water supplies in Xi’an studied applying geographic information system

This article aimed to investigate the variation of aluminum species and the effects of coagulant type and water quality on aluminum speciation in drinking water.Statistical analysis showed that the concentration of total aluminum(AlT) of drinking water in Xi'an ranged from 0.051 to 0.417 mg/L and the concentration of AlT in about 24.7% studied samples was higher than the currently recommended value(0.2 mg/L).The areas fed by surface water plants had a larger portion(39.4%) of samples over the recommended value.In drinking water treated by alum coagulant,the average concentration of monomeric aluminum(Ala) was higher than that in water treated by poly aluminum chlorine(PACl) and poly aluminum ferric chloride(PAFC).The average concentrations of polynuclear aluminum(Alb) and colloidal/suspended aluminum(Alc) in the drinking water treated by alum were lower than those in water treated by PACl and PAFC.There was a notable decrease in AlT along with the delivery pipeline away from the plants,with an average decline of about 36 μg/(L·km).Besides coagulant type,water quality also could afflect aluminum speciation.In drinking water without orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were positively correlated with pH;while,in drinking water with orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were negatively correlated with pH.The addition of orthophosphate salts in the drinking water treatment process would be an effective method for aluminum control in pH range 6.5-8.2.     

Factors effecting aluminum speciation in drinking water be laboratory research

Effects of aluminum on water distribution system and human health mainly attribute to its speciation in drinking water. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate factors that may influence aluminum speciation in water supply system. The concentration of soluble aluminum and its transformation among other aluminum species were mainly controlled by kinetics processes of related reactions. Total aluminum concentration had a notable effect on the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum in the first 4 day; while, when the reaction time was above 4 day, its effect became weak. At pH above 7.50, both fluoride and orthophosphate had little effect on aluminum speciation; while, when the solution pH was below 7.50, the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum were proportional to the concentration of fluoride and inversely proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate. Both mononuclear and polynuclear silicic acids could complex with mononuclear aluminum by forming soluble aluminosilicates. In addition, the adding sequence of orthophosphate and aluminum into drinking water would also affect the distribution of aluminum species in the first 4 day. In order to minimize aluminum bioavailability in drinking water, it was suggested that orthophosphate should be added prior to coagulant process, and that the concentrations of fluoride and silicic acids be controlled below 2.0 and 25 mg/L, respectively, prior to the treatment. The solution pH in coagulation and filtration processes should be controlled in the range of 6.50-7.50.     

矿井水中氟化物及放射性核素去除研究

对淮北芦岭矿区饮用水源中氟化物及放射性核素去除工艺与机理进行了探讨,试验证明以聚合铝作混凝剂的混凝沉淀方法对去除氟化物及放射性核素非常有效,当PAC用量为20mg/L时,饮水中氟化物含量由1.85mg/L降至0.78mg/L?总α由0.13Bq/L降至0.03Bq/L?总β由0.26Bq/L降至0.18Bq/L?      

酸浸粉煤灰混凝法处理制革废水的研究

笔者研究了在热电厂粉煤灰中加入少量的鼓风炉铁泥和适量的助溶剂HS,在加热条件下用稀硫酸搅拌浸取2h后,制得集物理吸附和化学混凝为一体的混凝剂。这种混凝剂与聚硅酸铝铁(PSAF)絮凝剂配合处理COD为1500～2000mg/L制革废水,SS,COD,硫化物和铬的去除率分别为95%,93%,92%和88%。该法的显著特点是混凝沉降速度快,污泥体积小,处理废水费用低,此外还探讨了酸浸粉煤灰混凝剂对制革废水的混凝沉降机理。      

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

“混凝气浮-膜生物反应器”处理林化废水工程运行调试研究

本文中根据林化废水特征确定使用“混凝气浮一膜生物反应处理器”的工艺进行处理。工程中硫酸铝的投加量为40mg／L,PAM的投加量为3mg／L,在废水pH值为7～8时进水COD、SS、OIL为279mg／L、20mg／L、26mg／L,进行混凝气浮后,出水的COD、SS、OIL浓度依次为135mg／L、9．6mg／L、9．5mg／L,去除率分别达到了52％、50％、64％。膜生物反应系统的调试,以污泥接种的方式进行污泥培养驯化。初期以面粉作为营养源清水培养污泥,按照7天左右的周期按每次30m3／d的污水进水量逐渐增加污水的比例,直到完全进水,调试驯化期污泥浓度控制在2500～3000mg／L。正常运转中污泥浓度可达到5000mg／L左右,出水水质COD、SS、OIL浓度分别达到30mg／L、6mg／L、3mg／L,符合处理目标要求。     

混凝工艺在饮用水除砷中的应用

介绍了混凝工艺在饮用水除砷中研究进展,内容包括:常规混凝,强化混凝,电解-混凝和混凝-微滤。重点评价了各种混凝工艺的优缺点、应用范围及发展方向。砷一般以As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)形态存在,As(Ⅲ)比As(Ⅴ)更不稳定,毒性更大。常规混凝简单易行,但去除As(Ⅲ)的效果比As(Ⅴ)差,通常需要进行强化混凝,电解-混凝和混凝微滤作为新的混凝技术已展现出更多的优势。混凝工艺具有低能耗、易操作、高效率等优点,应成为今后饮用水除砷技术的发展重点。     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride：The role of hydrolyzed Fe（Ⅲ） and silica interaction

The highly e cient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These e ects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation e ciency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coagulation/flocculation e ciency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping, adsorption bridging mechanism.     

高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铁铝的研究

高效混凝剂是目前水处理研究的热点用水玻璃、硫酸铁和硫酸铝制取聚硅酸铁铝混凝剂（PSFA),确定了制备PSFA混凝剂的优化条件：硅酸聚合度n为05,Fe³⁺及Al³⁺与SiO²的摩尔比为1：l,Fe³⁺与A³⁺的摩尔比为1：l,水解度B*为0.5,而熟化时间对PSFA混凝剂的混凝性能影响不明显用PSFA混凝剂处理实际水样,并与单独投加混凝剂硫酸铁及硫酸铁加助换剂聚硅酸效果进行了比较,结果表明,PSFA混凝剂的效果最好,而且用药量少;同时还对PSFA混凝剂的混凝机理进行了讨论