Three industries and wastewater and COD discharge of Beijing

Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ,ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｗｉｆｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｙａｎｄｔｈｅｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｅｏｐｌｅ′ｓｌｉｖｉｎｇｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ,ｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｕｓｅａｍｏｕｎｔａｎｄｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｂｉｇｇｅｒａｎｄｂｉｇｇｅｒ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｗａｔｅｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｉｓｇｅｔｔｉｎｇｗｏｒｓｅａｎｄｗｏｒｓｅ .Ｓｏｉｌａｎｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｐｏｌｌｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒ,ａｎｄｐｅｏｐ…     

Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

ThreeIndustries and water consumption of Beijing

ＴｈｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＷａｎｇＨｏｎｇｒｕｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１００８７５，...     

Mechanics Principle and Engineering Application of Split Layer and Bed Separation of Mining Overburden

<正>To control land surface subsidence caused the underground mineral exploitation and the catastrophic phenomena such as serious damage of buildings, waterbodies, cultivated lands, railways, bridges caused by land subsidence, bed separation grouting technology of overburden is put forward. To provide theoretical support for the technology, the characteristics and the mechanics mechanism of mining overburden from layer-split to formation of bed separation are studied. On the basis of elastic sheet board theory, calculation formula of rock sheet deflection is presented, and the mechanics criteria of the separation formation and the calculation formula of bed separation volume are set up. Finally, the applications and technics of bed separation grout technology of mining overburden to control land subsidence in china are introduced.     

Technological paradigm and innovation of EST of SMEs in China

This article described the change of technological paradigm from environmentally unfriendly technology to environmentally sound technology(EST),and reported results from the investigation made in 1993-1995 of how China's small-medium enterprises(SMEs)have been innovating technology in response to environmental pressures and tried to identify factors affecting China' SMEs to innovate more environmentally sound products and processes.     

Control effects of pε and pH on the generation and stability of chlorine dioxide

IntroductionDuetotheformationofsomepotentiallyhazardousby productsfromchlorinedisinfectionindrinkingwater,chlorinedioxide(ClO2 ) ,asanalternativedisinfectantandaneffectiveoxidant,formedfewerhalogenatedDBPsthanchlorine(Richardson ,1 994;2 0 0 0 ;Bryant,1 992 ) .InvestigationsofthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 havealreadypromoteditsapplication .However,previousstudiespaynoattentiontothefactorofelectronactivity (pε)thatactuallyaffectsthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 Theignoranceofpεappearan…     

Environmental Taxes and Prices of Resources

During its 25 years of reform China has made impressive progress in the transition to a market economy. Much of the production and distribution in China is managed through the market, and the efficiency of this mechanism is evident in the country's sustained rapid growth. While the market is good at many things, however, it is not good at everything. One place in particular where the market breaks down concerns the use of natural resources and the environment, particularly where some important resource is freely available. While China's record of production and GDP growth is fantastic, its record of     

Emergy evaluation of the environment and economy of Hong Kong

ＥｍｅｒｇｙｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｏｆＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇＬａｎＳｈｅｎｇｆａｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏ...     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

Geoecological analysis of the Korea alpine and subalpine plants and lands

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｇｌｏｂａｌｗａｒｍｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｏｏｋｐｌａｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｓｕｅｓ...     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride: The role of hydrolyzed Fe(Ⅲ) and silica interaction

The highly efficient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These effects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation efficiency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coaguiation/fiocculation efficiency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping,adsorption bridging mechanism.     

铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺除As(V)的比较研究

选择FeCl₃和Al₂(SO₄)₃作混凝剂,采用小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器比较了铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺的除As(V)效果、相关性能指标及适用范围.结果发现,Fe³⁺投加量为4 mg/L、Al₂(SO₄)₃投加量为50 mg/L时,铁盐和铝盐工艺的除As(V)效果大致相当,均可使水中As(V)的浓度从100 μg/L左右降低到10 μg/L以下,最低为1.68 μg/L.出水浊度均小于0.1 NTU,出水中铁、铝和SO^2-₄浓度均符合饮用水标准.铁盐工艺出水pH值比原水大约高0.5,铝盐工艺处理前后水的pH值基本不变.反应器运行结束静沉24 h后,铁盐工艺浓缩比为1 791,是铝盐工艺的2.54倍,污泥中As(V)的含量也大大高于铝盐工艺,去除同等重量的As(V)所产生的污泥量较铝盐工艺少得多.因此,对于仅有砷超标的饮用水,应优先考虑铁盐工艺.按除氟所需混凝剂数量投加Al₂(SO₄)₃,铝盐工艺即可在去除As(V)的同时去除氟,铁盐工艺则不能去除氟.因此,对于砷和氟均超标的饮用水,可采用铝盐工艺同时去除砷和氟.     

不同水体溶解性有机物的混凝去除特性

采用硫酸铝、工业氯化铁、无机高分子絮凝剂(PAC)3种无机混凝剂,对广州珠江、北京密云、天津滦河不同原水进行了混凝实验,分析了不同混凝剂去除水体有机物的特性以及不同水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的内在分级特征与其混凝去除率的关系.实验结果表明,①珠江水体由于碱度低,pH较易下降,高投药浓度下此水体DOM更易被氯化铁去除;中低投药下,在南方水体中,PAC与盐类絮凝剂对去除DOM的混凝性能差别不如在北方水体中明显,表明南北方水体DOM的内在特性存在一定差异,即北方水体DOM中可混凝去除部分的有机物易发生电中和作用,带有较多负电基团,南方珠江水体DOM含带电基团的有机物相对较少,而中性有机物含量相对较高,这与进一步分级结果一致.②所有水体从混凝收敛点看,总溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率都是工业PAC最高,显示电中和(憎水化)-沉淀(吸附)可能为这些水体DOM的主要去除机理.③从不同水体的DOC平均去除率看,珠江水体高于密云水体,它们又明显高于滦河水体.对水体DOM进一步的化学分级研究结果表明,DOC去除率越高的水体,其中的憎水中性物质(HoN)含量也越高.这表明,除了碱度、总有机碳(TOC)外,原水DOM的内在化学分级特征也是影响水体DOC混凝去除率的重要因素.     

三种常见混凝机理为主导条件下絮体特性研究

以模拟低浊微污染水为原水,硫酸铝[Al2 (SO4)3]为混凝剂,考察了3种常见混凝机理(电性中和、吸附架桥和网捕卷扫)为主导条件下絮体的成长过程、二维边界分形维数(Dpf)和比表面积及其与混凝效果的相关性.结果表明:吸附架桥为主导机理下絮体最大增长速率S (0.951)最快,达到稳定后絮凝指数FI最大(3.7%),二维边界分形维数Dpf最大(1.587),絮体呈块状且絮体间出现孔状间隙,比表面积介于网捕卷扫和电性中和之间[网捕卷扫(83.646m2/g)>吸附架桥(98.808m2/g)>电性中和(116.046m2/g)];FI值、S及Dpf变化与浊度去除率相关性较好,其相关系数分别达0.979、0.982和0.963,同时比表面积大的絮体吸附容量大,有机物的去除率高.     

聚硅酸铁混凝剂絮凝与破碎的定量研究

以水玻璃、硫酸亚铁及氯酸钠为原料,应用共聚工艺制备聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂,采用搅拌实验和颗粒计数法对比研究PSF与复合铝铁(PFA)的混凝性能,絮凝阶段残余粒子分布及紊流剪切力对絮体的影响.结果表明,高投药量时PSF去除高锰酸盐指数的性能优于PFA.PSF处理地表水时不宜采用过高或过低的絮凝速度,絮凝速度与絮凝时间应紧密配合才能提高混凝性能,即提高絮凝速度则需要减少絮凝时间.增加紊流剪切力时,PSF絮体的破碎程度远远小于PFA,被打碎的PSF絮体其再结合能力大于PFA.在数量级上,PSF的絮凝系数KA为10-2～10-3,破碎系数KB为10-7～10-8.对于粒径＜2 μm的颗粒,PSF的KA比PFA大4个数量级,KB与PFA相近,而其余粒径范围PSF的KA比PFA大近2个数量级,KB比PFA小近10多倍.     

The influence of particle size and concentration combined with pH on coagulation mechanisms

In order to evaluate the influence of particle size and particle concentration on the coagulation process, two kinds of particle suspensions, nanoparticles and microparticles,were employed to investigate the effect of particle size on coagulation mechanisms with varying coagulation parameters. Results showed that it is easier for nanoparticles to cause self-aggregation because of Brownian motion, while interception and sedimentation are the mainly physical processes affecting particle transport for microparticles, so they are more stable and disperse more easily. The particle size distribution and particle concentration had distinct influence on the coagulation mechanisms. Under neutral conditions, as the amount of coagulant increased, the coagulation mechanism for nanoparticles changed from charge neutralization to sweep flocculation and the nanoparticles became destabilized, re-stabilized and again destabilized. For microparticles, although the coagulation mechanism was the same as that of nanoparticles, the increased rate of aluminum hydroxide precipitation exceeded the adsorption of incipiently formed soluble alum species, resulting in the disappearance of the re-stabilization zone. Under acidic conditions, Brownian motion dominates for nanoparticles at low particle concentrations, while sweep flocculation is predominant at high particle concentrations. As for microparticles, charge neutralization and sweep flocculation are the mechanisms for low and high particle concentrations respectively.Under alkaline condition, although the mechanisms for both nano-and microparticles are the same, the morphology of flocs and the kinetics of floc formation are different. At low particle concentrations, nanoparticles have larger growth rate and final size of flocs, while at high particle concentrations, nanoparticles have higher fractal dimension and recovery factors.     

高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铁铝的研究

高效混凝剂是目前水处理研究的热点用水玻璃、硫酸铁和硫酸铝制取聚硅酸铁铝混凝剂（PSFA),确定了制备PSFA混凝剂的优化条件：硅酸聚合度n为05,Fe³⁺及Al³⁺与SiO²的摩尔比为1：l,Fe³⁺与A³⁺的摩尔比为1：l,水解度B*为0.5,而熟化时间对PSFA混凝剂的混凝性能影响不明显用PSFA混凝剂处理实际水样,并与单独投加混凝剂硫酸铁及硫酸铁加助换剂聚硅酸效果进行了比较,结果表明,PSFA混凝剂的效果最好,而且用药量少;同时还对PSFA混凝剂的混凝机理进行了讨论     

固液共存氧化型聚硅酸铁(PSF-I)混凝剂的分析

对自制的聚硅酸铁(PSF)进行改性,加入高锰酸钾和稳定剂M,制备出固液共存氧化型聚硅酸铁(PSF-Ⅰ)混凝剂,用滤纸将PSF-Ⅰ过滤,并对PSF-Ⅰ、PSF-Ⅰ滤液及PSF进行紫外吸收(UVA)全波长扫描及前两者的混凝实验,然后将PSF-Ⅰ与PSF、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)进行混凝对比研究,最后对PSF-Ⅰ的混凝性能随储存时间的稳定性进行探讨。结果表明,高锰酸钾的加入改变了PSF的微观结构,使PSF的形态尺寸增大,导致PSF-I中Fe3+离子的UVA特征峰比PSF高,并且保存了独立的高锰酸钾特征吸收峰(530nm)。PSF-Ⅰ中的固相起到初级核子作用,有利于絮体成长。PSF-Ⅰ的最佳投药量为9mg?L^-1,而PSF-Ⅰ滤液 的最佳投药量为12 mg?L^-1。PSF-I是通过混凝吸附和催化氧化功能共同实现对有机物的去除,而PSF和PFS仅是通过常规的混凝吸附去除部分有机物,去除机理有本质的区别。     

淀粉改性混凝剂复合硅酸盐对微污染水强化混凝性能研究

传统混凝工艺对微污染地表水净化效果有限,此外,近年来淀粉等天然高分子混凝剂由于绿色环保等特点而备受关注.本研究采用一种阳离子改性淀粉材料(淀粉-3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵,St-CTA)为混凝剂,分别与实验室自制的聚硅酸(PSA)及聚硅酸钛锌(PSTZ)进行复合强化混凝,应用于处理微污染水体.首先以高岭土-腐殖酸(HA)混合液为模拟水样,基于表观混凝性能、絮体特征及混凝后上清液ζ电位等,详细考察了强化混凝工艺的净水效果及混凝机制.结果表明,St-CTA分别复合两种不同硅酸盐的强化混凝工艺均对模拟水样具有良好的净水效果;St-CTA与PSTZ复合优于其与PSA组合工艺的混凝性能,且St-CTA/PSTZ复合工艺能缓解St-CTA过量引起的再稳定效应,具有较宽的有效混凝范围.St-CTA通过电中和作用与污染物结合,可有效压缩表面双电层;而带正电性的PSTZ,相比于负电性的 PSA,不仅具有粘结架桥强化效应,还具有电中和作用,且与HA可形成Zn-HA复合物,实现高效净水效果.除模拟水样外,还考察了两种强化混凝工艺对实际微污染地表水的混凝效果,其均表现出良好的混凝性能,有效弥补单一混凝剂对有机微污染水体混凝效率较低的不足,进一步证实了该强化混凝工艺的有效性.此外,与处理模拟水样效果一致,St-CTA复合PSTZ的净化效果更佳,但PSA具有更低的应用成本.本研究提供了一种绿色环保的强化混凝工艺,可有效净化微污染水体,具有良好的应用前景.     

Preparation and coagulation efficiency of polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride composite coagulant from wastewater of high-purity graphite production

The aim of the present work was to produce a polyaluminium ferric silicate chloride (PAFSiC) coagulant from acidic and alkaline wastewater of purifying graphite by roasting, and subsequently to evaluate coagulation efficiency of the reagent by treating surface water from the Yellow River as well as municipal wastewater in comparison with the conventional coagulant polyaluminium chloride (PAC). The PAFSiC coagulant was prepared by co-polymerization. The effects of (Al+Fe)/Si molar ratio, OH/(Al+Fe) molar ratio (i.e., value), coagulant dosage and pH value of test suspension on the coagulation behavior of FAFSiC and the stability of the PAFSiC were also examined. Results showed that PAFSiC performed more efficiently than PAC in removing turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphate (TP). The PAFSiC with a value of 2.0 and (Al+Fe)/Si ratio of 5 (PAFSiC 2.0/5) showed excellent coagulation effect for both turbidity and COD, while PAFSiC 1.0/5 was the best for TP. The optimum coagulation pH range of PAFSiC 2.0/5 was 5.0–9.0, slightly wider than that of PAC (6.0–8.0). The process can be easily incorporated into high-purity graphite production plants, thereby reducing wastewater pollution and producing a valuable coagulant.