不同程度镉污染农田中粉葛镉富集转运特征

探究不同程度镉（Cd）污染土壤对粉葛植株Cd积累分配特征的影响,为Cd污染农田的植物修复提供参考依据.在不同Cd污染［ω（Cd）为0.32~38.08 mg ·kg^-1］农田开展多点试验,分析了粉葛主要生育期不同部位生物量、Cd含量、Cd积累量及其富集和转运系数.结果表明,研究区粉葛块根干重为5.04~11.98 t ·hm^-2,生物量为13.21~29.07 t ·hm^-2,Cd积累量为15.74~106.03 g ·hm^-2;粉葛对Cd的吸收规律表现为：主藤>叶片>侧枝>葛头>块根;随着土壤Cd含量的增加,粉葛各部位Cd含量均显著增加（P<0.05）,而生物量均显著降低（P<0.05）;粉葛地上部Cd富集和转运系数呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,而根部Cd富集和转运系数均逐渐减小.相关分析表明,土壤Cd含量是影响粉葛Cd积累的关键因素.在轻中度Cd污染下,粉葛经济部分（葛粉）ω（Cd）为0.03~0.22 mg ·kg^-1,均低于药用植物的标准限值（≤0.30 mg ·kg^-1）;在中度污染粉葛地上部Cd富集和转运系数分别为2.43~7.97和3.02~9.81.粉葛具有很强的Cd富集和运输能力,是适合用作Cd污染土壤修复的潜力植物.     

城郊农田土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

为明确城郊农田土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征,按照网格布点法在南京城郊采集29个样点,测定了15种PAHs的含量.结果表明,二氢苊（Ace）均未检出,农田土壤PAHs含量为24.49~750.04 μg ·kg^-1,均值为226.64 μg ·kg^-1;高环PAHs与总PAHs空间分布类似,农田土壤PAHs主要以高环PAHs为主.相关性分析结果表明,农田土壤PAHs与有机质（SOM）、pH、阳离子交换量（CEC）和全氮（TN）无显著相关性,容重（ρ_b）与低环PAHs极显著相关.源解析结果表明,农田土壤PAHs主要来源为燃烧源和石油源的混合源.CSI指数结果表明,农田土壤PAHs不存在生态风险.健康风险评价结果表明,农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人不存在潜在致癌风险,主要暴露途径是：皮肤接触>摄食>呼吸吸入.     

辽东湾北部河口区土壤重金属污染源识别及健康风险评价

选取我国北方典型河口区—辽东湾北部区为研究对象,共采集129个表层土样,测定了Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Zn和Pb等土壤重金属含量,利用地统计分析、地累积指数（I_geo）、内梅罗指数、潜在生态风险指数（RI）、多元统计分析及健康风险模型对研究区土壤重金属的空间分布特征、污染来源及健康风险进行系统分析,并对区域人居环境改善提出对策建议.结果表明：①研究区土壤中Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为17.87、148.97、1.31、40.91、102.86和12.42 mg·kg^-1,除Cu和Pb以外都超过了辽宁省土壤背景值;②6种重金属污染程度排序为Cd > Cr > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb,其中Cd元素污染最严重;土壤重金属综合生态风险指数RI为325.689,处于重度生态风险水平,Cd是主要的生态风险因子;③多元统计分析表明,重金属Cu、Zn和Pb主要受自然因素影响,Cr和Ni主要源于生活及工业废水排放,Cd以磷肥的大量使用、石油化工生产及工业活动作为主要的人为来源;④健康风险评价结果表明,皮肤接触暴露途径中儿童的非致癌风险大于成人,呼吸暴露途径中成人的致癌风险大于儿童,元素Cr的总致癌风险R_all<10^-6,不存在致癌风险,Cd的总致癌风险10^-4 < R_all < 10^-6,存在可接受致癌风险;⑤河口海岸区对我国海湾及沿海区域经济发展意义重大,土壤重金属污染和人居健康问题已经不容忽视,希冀本研究可为当地政府及同类区域提供科学借鉴.     

省级尺度土壤As迁移转化与水稻安全种植区划：以贵州省为例

为探究贵州省水田土壤和稻米As含量分布特征,及稻米食用健康风险并评估水稻安全种植性,采集水田土壤样品209个,水田土壤-水稻样品1 567组,测定其As含量和土壤基本理化性质,运用单因子污染指数法对样品污染程度进行评价.结果表明： ①贵州省水田土壤主要呈中性,其保肥能力和有机质含量均为中等以上水平,土壤较为肥沃.水田土壤ω（As）范围为0.042~91.75 mg·kg^-1,几何均值为10.03 mg·kg^-1,经独立样本T检验,水田土壤As累积效应低于自然土壤As（P<0.05）.与《农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618-2018）筛选值（0.2 mg·kg^-1）相比,土壤样品超标率15.37%.②稻米ω（As）范围为0.001~0.937 mg·kg^-1,几何平均值为0.108 mg·kg^-1,10.21%的稻米样品超过《食品中污染物限量（试行）》（GB 2762-2022）的限值,超标点位主要分布于黔南州的中北部和遵义南部县区等工矿业活动区周围.③经大米摄入的As对成人和儿童存在非致癌风险和致癌风险,且对儿童的影响大于成人.贵州省水田稻米安全种植区划未见严格管控区域,水稻可实现安全种植.     

珠江三角洲海陆交互相沉积物中镉生物有效性与生态风险评价

镉（Cd）污染对人类健康构成威胁,开展Cd生物有效性研究及生态风险评价,有助于防治和减轻Cd的危害.通过分析海陆交互相土壤中的Cd含量及形态,揭示了土壤Cd的富集特征及变化规律,通过累积指数法（I_geo）、潜在生态危害指数法（E_r）和风险评估编码法（RAC）,对Cd的环境生态风险进行了评价.结果表明：①杂填土中Cd含量通常低于0.3mg·kg^-1,素填土中Cd含量通常高于0.3mg·kg^-1,海相沉积物Cd平均含量为0.36mg·kg^-1,5 m以浅海相沉积物中Cd含量通常比5 m以深更高,陆相沉积物中Cd含量显著低于海相沉积物,Cd平均含量为0.10 mg·kg^-1;②人工填土层（Q₄^ml）土壤Cd与CEC存在中度相关,相关系数为0.52（P<0.05）,海相沉积物Cd含量与有机质含量存在低度相关,相关系数为0.49（P<0.05）,镉全量及土壤理化性质均对土壤镉的形态分布的影响显著;③人工填土层和海相沉积物土壤地质累积指数以1 < I_geo < 2为主,均属于中度污染,人工填土层和海相沉积物土壤潜在生态危害指数以80 < E_r < 160为主,存在较高潜在生态危害,各钻孔土壤酸可提取态Cd在总Cd中所占的比例均值均大于50%,普遍存在极高潜在生态风险.这些结果将为环境和农业决策提供良好的依据,为土壤污染调查和修复提供理论指导.     

重庆开州区菜地土壤抗生素污染特征及潜在生态环境风险评估

农田土壤抗生素累积及其导致的生态风险已成为国内外研究的热点.采用调查问卷和实验分析相结合的方式,研究了重庆市开州区菜地土壤中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类这5类抗生素的赋存特征,分析了抗生素含量和土壤理化指标的相关性,并评估其潜在生态环境风险.结果表明,菜地土壤存在抗生素累积,五大类共18种抗生素被检出,且以四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素为主.喹诺酮类抗生素检出率最高（15.38%~100%）,其中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星检出率达100%;四环素类抗生素含量最高（0~42.88 μg ·kg^-1）,其中土霉素含量最高为42.88 μg ·kg^-1.菜地土壤中抗生素总量为1.64~233.11μg ·kg^-1;其中,空心菜地（89.73 μg ·kg^-1）>白菜地（32.53 μg ·kg^-1）>辣椒地（32.16 μg ·kg^-1）>西红柿地（32.13 μg ·kg^-1）>黄瓜地（26.46 μg ·kg^-1）>草地（7.32 μg ·kg^-1）.相关性分析结果表明,土壤中总抗生素含量与有机肥施用量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与土壤pH呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素含量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而喹诺酮类抗生素含量与土壤速效磷、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.潜在生态环境风险评估结果显示：开州区菜地土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素具有中度生态风险,其中62%~92%和62%~100%土样的喹诺酮类抗生素对土壤动物和微生物具有潜在毒性.     

广西西江流域土壤镉含量特征及风险评估

为了解广西西江流域土壤Cd含量分布特征及风险,结合土地利用方式进行大规模抽样调查,采集有色金属矿区土壤、农田土壤（水田土壤和旱地土壤）和自然土壤共2512个样品,测试其Cd含量.结果表明,西江流域土壤Cd的背景值为0.514 mg·kg^-1,显著高于前人研究结果（0.148 mg·kg^-1）和广西土壤背景值（0.267 mg·kg^-1）;旱地、水田、矿区土壤Cd含量分别为0.559、0.787、5.71 mg·kg^-1,水田土壤和矿区土壤Cd含量显著高于自然土壤;以西江流域土壤Cd含量背景值和基线值为限定值,超标率分别为51.2%、66.7%、77.8%和35.2%、39.6%、71.4%,矿区土壤和农田土壤都有明显的Cd积累趋势;从土壤Cd空间分布及污染特征来看,西江流域总体土壤Cd含量为0.726 mg·kg^-1,高Cd含量斑块主要集中在西江流域上游河池地区的南丹县、大化县、都安县、环江县和宜州市,以及柳江县、武宣县和象州县等地区,这些地方出现了重度甚至极重度污染、中等-强污染累积程度和高等-极高等潜在生态风险.总体上,广西西江流域上游地区的农业土壤、矿区土壤Cd污染问题突出,属于高Cd风险区域,土壤生态状况不容乐观,这主要与上游矿业密集区的矿业活动和地质高背景Cd有关,长期居住在矿区及周边地区的居民,以及食用这一区域生产的农产品,可能对部分当地居民的健康产生危害.建议进一步通过土壤-植物-人体体系展开镉风险评估,同时采取相应措施以控制风险.     

巯基化蒙脱石用于镉污染农田安全生产的效果及其持久性

为探讨巯基化蒙脱石（TM）实现镉（Cd）污染农田安全生产的效果及其持久性,开展了连续两年共四季田间水稻试验,研究了在Cd高污染（2.46~3.81 mg ·kg^-1）土壤中,仅第一季施用不等量TM后,不再补施对每季水稻各部位Cd含量和土壤有效态Cd含量的影响.结果发现,TM可显著降低水稻各位Cd含量和土壤中有效态Cd含量,且钝化效果持久性明显.按0.5%和1%施用TM后,第一季水稻各部位Cd含量比对照显著降低,糙米ω（Cd）相比对照的0.98 mg ·kg^-1分别降至0.16 mg ·kg^-1和0.08 mg ·kg^-1,降幅各达84.0%和91.9%,含量低于国家标准GB 2762-2017中Cd的限量值0.2 mg ·kg^-1.0.5%和1%处理下连续种植的后续三季水稻糙米基本都达标,Cd含量分别降低了50.2%~67.8%和56.0%~81.6%.0.5%和1%处理下,第一季土壤有效态Cd质量分数从对照的48.4%分别降至27.9%和18.4%,降低了20.5%和29.9%,后续三季分别降低了10.0%~17.1%和12.4%~20.8%,与对照差异显著.土壤中有效态Cd含量与水稻各部位Cd含量之间存在极显著的正相关关系,TM主要通过降低土壤中有效态Cd含量而减少水稻对土壤Cd的吸收累积,从而使水稻各部位Cd含量降低.综合两年效果试验来看,TM抑制水稻吸收土壤中Cd效果显著,且两年内效果持久性良好,可较好地应用于Cd高污染农田安全生产.     

田间施用锌肥对小麦籽粒镉累积的影响及施用风险

锌（Zn）和镉（Cd）的交互作用是近年来小麦Cd污染防治的重要研究方向.以华北地区典型小麦田为研究对象,通过田间试验,探究Zn肥对土壤-小麦系统Cd污染的控制效果和施用风险.结果表明,低用量Zn处理下,济源和开封两地小麦籽粒Cd含量均呈下降趋势,与对照相比下降幅度分别为33.4%和25.3%.高用量Zn处理下,两地小麦籽粒Cd含量不降反升,与低用量Zn处理下小麦籽粒Cd含量相比增幅为22.4%和34.2%.施Zn后两地土壤Zn总量和有效态含量均有显著升高,且造成了土壤Cd的部分活化.典型相关分析（CCA）显示,当土壤ω（Zn）小于200 mg ·kg^-1时,土壤Zn是土壤-小麦系统Cd富集的主要影响因子,而当土壤ω（Zn）大于200 mg ·kg^-1时,土壤Cd的活化是影响小麦籽粒Cd富集的主要原因.回归分析显示土壤Cd/Zn降至0.0089时（低用量Zn）,Zn和Cd表现出拮抗效应,土壤Cd/Zn降至0.0078时（高用量Zn）,Zn和Cd表现出协同效应.针对区域Cd污染特征,调整Zn肥用量可以提高污染防治效率并避免加剧Cd污染危害.     

稻田土壤Cd污染与安全种植分区:以重庆市某区为例

水稻对土壤中Cd的富集积累能力强,开展稻田土壤Cd污染与安全种植分区研究对于区域土地有效利用具有重要意义.在重庆市某区22个镇同步采集稻田土壤-水稻样品300套,测定土壤pH、Cd全量和有效态含量、糙米Cd含量,采用地累积指数、生物富集系数和单因子污染指数评价土壤Cd污染状况;结合土壤和糙米Cd污染指数进行水稻安全种植分区.结果表明,研究区稻田土壤总体偏酸性,Cd全量为0.09~1.60 mg ·kg^-1,超过风险筛选值的点位占35.0%;糙米Cd含量为0.002~0.808 mg ·kg^-1,超过食品安全限量值的点位占13.7%.Pearson相关分析表明,糙米Cd含量与土壤Cd全量、有效态Cd含量均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.污染评价显示,稻田土壤呈现明显的Cd累积,部分土壤表现为轻-中度污染;糙米对土壤Cd的富集系数为0.004~1.72.研究区稻田土壤总体为安全或基本安全,低风险区在南部、西部和东部均有分布;中高风险区面积较小,主要分散在8个地区.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.