A survey of arsenic and other heavy metals in vegetation from markets or mine tailings

This research includes two investigations. The first one is a market basket survey of the levels of arsenic （As） and trace elements in bracken fern （Pteridium aquilinum） originated from three countries： South Korea, China and North Korea. The results showed that the mean As concentrations in stems of samples were significantly higher than those in leaves. As concentrations in all samples did not exceed food safety limits for vegetables. Generally, concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in leaves were higher than those in stems. The second investigation is a survey on the levels of As and other heavy metals in vegetation in the vicinity of Myoungbong mine tailings. The results demonstrated that As, Pb and Cu concentrations and bioaccumulation factors （BCF） in seedlings of the fern（A splenium achilleifolium） were the highest, whereas Marsh horsetail（Equisetum polustre） accumulated the highest levels of Zn. Concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Cu in vegetable-cress （Lepidium sativum） and the edible herb-aromatic madder （Elasholtzia splendens） were higher than food safety limits. Therefore, a risk assessment of As and other heavy metals in vegetables and herbs on local human health should be conducted in the future.     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.     

Removal of arsenate with hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitation：Effect of humic acid

Insights from the adverse effect of humic acid(HA) on arsenate removal with hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) coprecipitation can further our understanding of the fate of As(V) in water treatment process. The motivation of our study is to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of humic acid and As(V) on HFO on the molecular scale. Multiple complementary techniques were used including macroscopic adsorption experiments, surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) spectroscopy, flow-cell attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) measurement, and charge distribution multisite complexation(CDMUSIC) modeling. The As(V) removal efficiency was reduced from over 95% to about 10% with the increasing HA concentration to 25 times of As(V) mass concentration. The SERS analysis excluded the HA-As(V) complex formation. The EXAFS results indicate that As(V) formed bidentate binuclear surface complexes in the presence of HA as evidenced by an As-Fe distance of 3.26–3.31 ?. The in situ ATR-FTIR measurements show that As(V) replaces surface hydroxyl groups and forms innersphere complex. High concentrations of HA may physically block the surface sites and inhibit the As(V) access. The adsorption of As(V) and HA decreased the point of zero charge of HFO from 7.8 to 5.8 and 6.3, respectively. The CD-MUSIC model described the zeta potential curves and adsorption edges of As(V) and HA reasonably well.     

Distribution, risk and bioavailability of metals in sediments of Lake Yamdrok Basin on the Tibetan Plateau, China

Total contents of metals in soil and sediments on the Tibetan Plateau of China have been widely analyzed, but existing information is insufficient to effectively evaluate metal ecological risk because of a lack of metal bioavailability data. In this study, distribution, potential risk, mobility and bioavailability of metals in sediments of Lake Yamdrok Basin in Tibet of China were explored by combined use of total digestion, sequential extraction and the diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT). Average concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in surface sediments were 31.25, 30.31, 22.00, 45.04, 31.32, 0.13 and 13.39 mg/kg, respectively. Higher levels of metals were found near the inflowing rivers. Residual form was dominant in Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb, and reducible form was dominant in As and Cd. Metals in surface sediments showed a low enrichment degree overall, but Cd and As had higher ecological risk levels than the other metals. Furthermore, there was a larger average proportion of exchangeable form of As (20.4%) and Cd (9.0%) than the other metals (1.7%-3.3%), implying their higher mobility and release risk. Average DGT-labile concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were 0.5, 4.5, 0.7, 25.1, 60.0, 0.22 and 1.0 µg/L, respectively. The DGT-labile As was significantly correlated with extractable As forms (p< 0.01), suggesting that extractable As in sediments acts as a “mobile pool” for bioavailable As. These results suggest potential risks of As and Cd, especially As, deserve further attention in Lake Yamdrok Basin.     

Effect of unburned carbon content in fly ash on the retention of 12 elements out of coal-combustion flue gas

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether unburned carbon particles present in fly ash can help in the retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Se, Cu, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, Rb, and Pb out of flue gas during the coal combustion at fluidised-bed power station where the coal was combusted along with limestone. The competitive influence of 10%-25% CaO in fly ashes on the distribution of studied elements was studied as well to be clear which factor governs behaviour of studied elements. Except of S (with significant association with CaO) and Rb and Pb (with major affinity to Al₂O₃) the statistically significant and positive correlation coefficients were calculated for the relations between unburned carbon content and Br (0.959), Cl (0.957), Cu (0.916), Se (0.898), Ni (0.866), As (0.861), Zn (0.742), Ge (0.717), and Ga (0.588) content. The results suggest that the unburned carbon is promising material in terms of flue gas cleaning even if contained in highly calcareous fly ashes.     

Size distribution and source of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area

In order to understand the size distribution and the main kind of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area, particulate matter(PM) and the source samples were collected in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province from December 2011 to January 2012 and the results were discussed and interpreted. Atmospheric particles were collected with different sizes by a cascade impactor. The concentrations of heavy metals in atmospheric particles of different sizes, collected from the air and from factories, were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The results indicated that the average concentration of PM, chromium(Cr), arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd) and lead(Pb) in PM was177.3 ± 33.2 μg/m~3, 37.3 ± 8.8 ng/m~3, 17.3 ± 8.1 ng/m~3, 4.8 ± 3.1 ng/m~3 and 141.6 ± 49.1 ng/m~3,respectively. The size distribution of PM displayed a bimodal distribution; the maximum PM size distribution was at 1.1–2.1 μm, followed by 9–10 μm. The size distribution of As, Cd and Pb in PM was similar to the distribution of the PM mass, with peaks observed at the range of1.1–2.1 μm and 9–10 μm ranges while for Cr, only a single-mode at 4.7–5.8 μm was observed. PM(64.7%), As(72.5%), Cd(72.2%) and Pb(75.8%) were associated with the fine mode below 2.1 μm,respectively, while Cr(46.6%) was associated with the coarse mode. The size distribution characteristics, enrichment factor, correlation coefficient values, source information and the analysis of source samples showed that As, Cd and Pb in PM were the typical heavy metal in lead and zinc smelting affected areas, which originated mainly from lead and zinc smelting sources.     

Catchment soils as a factor of trace metal accumulation in sediments of the reservoir Klingenberg (eastern Ore Mountains, Germany)

The release and accumulation dynamics of trace metals in soils and aquatic sediments were exemplarily investigated in the catchment area of the Reservoir Klingenberg(Germany). Catchment soils were examined for mobilizable and total concentrations of arsenic(As), cadmium(Cd), chrome(Cr), iron(Fe), manganese(Mn), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb),and zinc(Zn) and compared with trace metal quantities accumulated in riverbed and reservoir sediments. The comparison of all samples showed relatively small variations of Cr(7.96–46.0 mg/kg), Fe(7.79–40.4 g/kg), and Ni(6.06–56.5 mg/kg), while stronger differences were found for As(11.2–164 mg/kg), Cd(0.14–30.5 mg/kg), Mn(0.08–1.84 g/kg), Pb(20.7–183 mg/kg), and Zn(69.1–916 mg/kg). The catchment soils were slightly enriched by Cd, Pb, and Zn. Especially Cd and Zn were characterized by large mobilizable proportions.The mean trace metal concentrations in riverbed sediments were higher than in catchment soils, while reservoir sediments accumulated the highest amounts of the analyzed elements. The enrichment of trace metals in reservoir sediments was generally determined by the sedimentation of fine particles, while the distribution of As, Fe, and Mn was additionally impacted by redox conditions. For Cd and Zn, which in comparison were most enriched in riverbed and reservoir sediments, a significant release from soils by leaching processes was observed. The accumulation of As and Pb in reservoir sediments was influenced to a greater extent by soil erosion and by anthropogenic or chalcogen sources in the catchment.     

Effects of soil properties on production and bioaccumulation of methylmercury in rice paddies at a mercury mining area, China

Rice paddy soil is recognized as the hotspot of mercury(Hg) methylation, which is mainly a biotic process mediated by many abiotic factors. In this study, effects of key soil properties on the production and bioaccumulation of Hg and methylmercury(MeHg) in Hg-contaminated rice paddies were investigated. Rice and soil samples were collected from the active Hg smelting site and abandoned Hg mining sites(a total of 124 paddy fields) in the Wanshan Mercury Mine, China. Total Hg(THg) and MeHg in soils and rice grains, together with sulfur(S),selenium(Se), organic matter(OM), nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), mineral compositions(e.g., SiO_2, Al_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3) and pH in soils were quantified. The results showed that long-term Hg mining activities had resulted in THg and MeHg contaminations in soil-rice system. The newly-deposited atmospheric Hg was more readily methylated relative to the native Hg already in soils, which could be responsible for the elevated MeHg levels in soils and rice grains around the active artificial Hg smelting site. The MeHg concentrations in soils and rice grains showed a significantly negative relationship with soil N/Hg, S/Hg and OM/Hg ratio possibly due to the formation of low-bioavailability Hg–S(N)–OM complexes in rhizosphere. The Hg–Se antagonism undoubtedly occurred in soil-rice system, while its role in bioaccumulation of MeHg in the MeHg-contaminated rice paddies was minor. However, other soil properties showed less influence on the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg in rice paddies located at the Wanshan Mercury Mine zone.     

Simultaneous adsorption of As(Ⅲ) and Pb(Ⅱ) by the iron-sulfur codoped biochar composite:Competitive and synergistic effects

Simultaneous elimination of As(Ⅲ) and Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater is still a great challenge.In this work,an iron-sulfur codoped biochar (Fe/S-BC) was successfully fabricated in a simplified way and was applied to the remediate the co-pollution of As(Ⅲ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The positive enthalpy indicated that the adsorption in As-Pb co-pollution was an endothermic reaction.The mechanism of As(Ⅲ) removal could be illustrated by surface complexation,oxidation and precipitation.In addition to precipitation and com...     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

600MW燃煤电厂痕量元素排放特性实验研究

使用USEPA Method 29方法对600MW燃煤电厂SCR、ESP和WFGD前后4个测点进行烟气痕量元素同时取样,研究了12种痕量元素（Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb）的排放特性.结果表明：整个电厂系统、锅炉、SCR、ESP和WFGD中痕量元素的质量平衡率都在可接受范围内,实验结果准确可靠.这12种痕量元素主要分布于ESP飞灰中,相对分布率为69.97%~98.79%.底渣中痕量元素的相对富集指数在0.04~0.51之间,ESP飞灰中痕量元素的相对富集系数在0.3~1.23之间.ESP飞灰中的As、Cd和Pb以及WFGD废水中的Mn、Co和Ni可能会对土壤和地下水产生污染,需要引起关注.12种痕量元素向大气中的排放浓度位于0.02~12.57μg/m³之间,排放因子位于的0.01~2.13g/10¹²J之间,Ni、As、Cd和Pb这4种元素的排放浓度分别达到2.04、0.13、0.02和3.35μg/m³,都远超欧盟空气质量标准中的排放限值,需要加以重视进行限制.     

1000MW近零排放燃煤机组重金属排放及分布特征

采用EPA 29方法对国华寿光电厂2号1000MW超超临界燃煤机组污染物控制单元进行采样,开展了重金属污染物(As、Pb、Se、Cd)全流程监测.建立了包括气体/固体/液体中重金属的燃煤过程中质量平衡,并考察了重金属在机组中的富集与分布特征.结果表明:该机组烟气排放的重金属含量相对较低,100%负荷时As、Se、Pb、Cd排放浓度分别为1.11,0.59,0.33和0.01 μg/m³,45%负荷时相关重金属排放和100%负荷接近.给出了不同负荷下各种重金属在燃煤机组的分布,燃烧后Pb、Se、Cd主要富集到飞灰中,但低负荷时底渣中Se和Cd的比例明显升高.APCDs中,ESP对烟气中As、Pb、Se、Cd四种元素的脱除率均达到了97%以上,不同负荷下WFGD和WESP对这些重金属具有深度脱除的效果.     

燃煤飞灰中细颗粒物(PM2.5)的物理化学特性

研究了小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰中细颗粒物的粒径分布、显微结构、颗粒类型以及As,Se,Cd,Pb,Cr和Be等6种微量重金属在不同粒径中的分布规律。结果表明:燃煤排放的PM_2.5以球形颗粒为主,但随着颗粒物粒径的减小,非球形颗粒的数量有所增加;多数PM_2.5的表面并不光滑,不同粒径颗粒之间存在逐级吸附的现象;微量重金属As,Se,Cd,Pb和Cr大部分富集在粒径小于2 1μm的细颗粒上,高钙飞灰对As有强烈的吸附作用。      

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements‘ characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1. Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group ! and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.     

小型燃煤机组烟气重金属排放特征研究

100 MW以下燃煤机组呈单台容量小、总台数大的特点,是燃煤重金属污染的主要排放源之一.选择7台12 MW燃煤机组,采用美国环境保护局Method 29法现场检测燃煤机组烟气重金属排放浓度,分析烟气中Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放特征;采集机组产生的飞灰和底灰,分析除尘技术对重金属的富集特性.结果表明:100 MW以下燃煤机组烟气中重金属经脱硝除尘脱硫装置协同控制后,ρ（Hg）为0.20~0.44 μg/m3,烟气Hg以气态形式存在,其占比为100.0%;ρ（Pb）为0.5~2.6 μg/m3,烟气Pb主要以气态形式存在,其占比为38.7%~92.1%;ρ（As）为0.6~3.0 μg/m3,烟气As主要以气态形式存在,其占比为67.8%~100.0%;ρ（Cr）为3.6~23.9 μg/m3,烟气Cr主要以颗粒态形式存在,其占比为65.8%~99.2%.飞灰富集Hg、Pb、Cr、As的能力大于底灰.重金属主要富集于飞灰中的细颗粒物中,采取除尘技术可有效协同控制烟气中的Hg、Pb、Cr、As;飞灰中重金属元素Hg、Pb相对富集系数均与煤中硫含量呈负相关,半干法脱硫+袋式除尘技术对飞灰富集Hg有促进作用.小型燃煤机组烟气重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放因子分别为0.002 2~0.005 1、5~17、42~160、7~24 mg/t.研究显示,100 MW以下燃煤机组与100 MW及以上燃煤机组烟气重金属Hg、Pb、Cr、As排放特征不同,100 MW以下燃煤机组烟气Hg排放浓度较小,二者烟气Pb、Cr、As排放浓度相近,选用湿式电除尘技术可进一步降低烟气Hg、Pb、Cr、As的排放浓度.      

燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化研究

采集我国6台有代表性电站锅炉的烟气以及燃煤、飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等样品,通过测试燃煤和燃煤副产物中铅含量以及烟气中铅的形态分布,考察了燃煤电厂铅的迁移转化规律及烟气常规污染物控制技术对大气铅排放的影响.结果表明,煤粉炉燃煤过程中,煤中铅释放强度高,平均释放率为97.11%;循环流化床锅炉铅的释放率相对较低,约为84.99%.锅炉出口烟气中铅主要为颗粒态铅(Pbp),比例高达86%~92%,并且与燃煤中氯含量具有正相关性.烟气污染物控制装置对大气铅具有协同脱除效果,尤其是除尘装置.静电除尘对铅的平均脱除效率为91.85%,布袋除尘为95.12%.石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置可脱除35.67%~77.81%铅,脱除效率主要与脱硫塔操作条件有关.燃煤中的铅经过燃烧和烟气污染物控制装置后,81.97%~90.18%转移到飞灰中,具有高富集性;脱硫石膏中的铅占3.94%~11.82%;只有1.75%~5.40%通过烟囱排入大气.     

工业燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰的汞吸附特性

为探究燃煤锅炉烟气循环方式下飞灰汞的吸附特性,利用固定床汞吸附装置,对立式煤粉沉降炉不同模拟烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附特性进行了研究,重点考察了烟气循环比例、煤种、关键燃烧气体组分等因素的影响.结果表明:①烟气循环工况条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附能力明显优于非烟气循环工况（空气燃烧）条件下形成的飞灰,并且随烟气循环比例的增加,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.褐煤在净烟气循环比例为60%、40%、20%的条件下形成的飞灰汞吸附量分别是非烟气循环条件下的3.0、2.3和1.6倍.②烟气循环引起燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）与ρ（NO）的变化会影响飞灰的物化特性及其汞吸附性能.随燃烧氛围中ρ（SO₂）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量先增后减.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（NO）为803 mg/m3条件下,ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3时褐煤与烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高（分别为0.45和0.75 μg/g）,分别较ρ（SO₂）为1 428和4 286 mg/m3时提高了25%~300%和53%~78%.随燃烧氛围中ρ（NO）的提高,飞灰汞吸附量呈逐渐增加趋势.烟气循环比例为40%且燃烧气体氛围中ρ（SO₂）为2 857 mg/m3条件下,ρ（NO）为1 205 mg/m3时褐煤和烟煤燃烧形成的飞灰汞吸附量较高,分别较ρ（NO）为803和402 mg/m3时提高了1.2~3.6和1.1~1.6倍.③飞灰中UBC（未燃尽碳）、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃可促进飞灰对汞的吸附.与褐煤飞灰相比,烟煤飞灰表现出更优的汞吸附性能,与UBC、CaO、MgO及Fe₂O₃在飞灰中的含量存在一定的正相关性.研究显示,烟气循环方式下飞灰汞吸附特性发生明显变化,煤质的合理选择、烟气循环比例、循环气体成分及浓度参数的优化控制可显著改善燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的排放控制效果.      

黔西南煤燃烧产物微量元素分布特征及富集规律研究

通过对黔西南高砷煤及燃烧产物(底灰、粗飞灰、细飞灰和烟气)中微量元素含量、水溶性及赋存状态的测定,分析了微量元素在燃煤产物中的分布特征及富集规律,探讨了燃煤过程中微量元素迁移转化机制.结果表明,As和Sb是黔西南高砷煤的主要危害元素,含量分别为(256±195)μg.g-1和(26±21)μg.g-1.根据元素在燃煤产物中富集程度的差异,将其分为4类:Ⅰ底灰富集型(Cr和W);Ⅱ均匀富集型(Cu和Ba);Ⅲ飞灰富集型(Mn和Mo);Ⅳ细飞灰超富集型(As、Cd、Sb和Pb).As的挥发性强于Sb和Pb.As在细飞灰上表现出强烈的富集;而Sb和Pb在原煤和燃烧产物中的分配具有明显的正相关关系(R2=0.990 1,P<0.05).亲石元素容易在底灰沉积或组成飞灰颗粒基质,亲硫元素燃烧后易于吸附在飞灰颗粒表面.而飞灰颗粒粒径越小,比表面积越大,所吸附的微量元素含量越高.     

燃煤烟气污染物控制装置协同脱汞特性研究

采用Ontario Hydro方法对某100MW燃煤机组进行了烟气汞取样测试,获得了选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝装置、静电除尘器（ESP）和湿法烟气脱硫装置（WFGD）对烟气汞形态转化和脱除特性规律.借助程序升温脱附（TPD）、扫描电子显微镜分析（SEM）和X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等方法探究了飞灰对汞的吸附特性及吸附后汞的热稳定性.结果表明,在75% MCR和85% MCR不同的机组负荷下,SCR+ESP+WFGD对烟气总汞（Hg^T）的联合脱除率分别为92.83%、81.66%.SCR对元素汞（Hg⁰）的氧化率与燃煤氯（Cl）含量正相关,Cl含量为500mg/kg时,氧化率高达96.18%.ESP在完全脱除颗粒汞（Hg^P）的同时对Hg⁰和氧化态汞（Hg²⁺）的平均脱除率分别为12.73%和27.79%,ESP飞灰中的未燃尽炭和金属氧化物（Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃）是吸附气态汞的关键组分,汞在飞灰表面主要以HgCl₂、HgS（红色）和HgO的形态存在,高于190℃时会分解再释放.WFGD对Hg²⁺的平均脱除率为91.10%,并能将部分Hg²⁺还原成Hg⁰,存在明显的汞二次释放问题.