城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.      

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化实验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中的重金属的固化效果. 结果表明,飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》（GB5085.3-2007）,因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%-59.0%和7.4%-73.7%.     

矿渣胶结材固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

垃圾焚烧飞灰经测试,重金属Pb和Cr超出浸出毒性标准,被认为是一种危险废物,必须加以稳定化处理。水泥熟料激发的矿渣胶结材(CS)按25%、30%、35%和45%的比例掺入焚烧飞灰中,测试飞灰固化体7、28、60d的强度、重金属浸出浓度及固化体的水化产物。结果表明,掺入矿渣胶结材后的飞灰固化体60d养护后均达到填埋标准。矿渣掺量35%时,飞灰固化效果最优,28d就可以达标,表明焚烧飞灰与矿渣在合适的比例下可发生复合反应,形成超叠加效应,增强固化效果。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰成型及低温烧结稳定化研究

对焚烧飞灰进行水泥固化成型,并对成型体进行烧结研究。通过XRD、SEM等表征方法探索垃圾了焚烧飞灰在高温条件下的反应机理,以及添加助熔剂对烧结的影响。结果表明:添加Na2CO3可促进水泥早期的固化,但对水泥后期的固化不利;在养护时间为2 d时,水泥固化飞灰试块抗压强度达到1.91 MPa,完全满足成型的要求;XRD和SEM分析结果表明:固化体烧结后主要生成钙铝黄长石、硅酸钙等,Na2B4O7·10H2O的助熔效果明显;随着烧结温度的升高,重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度和浸出率下降,随着助熔剂Na2B4O7·10H2O添加量的增加,重金属Cu和Cd的浸出率增加,Pb的浸出率降低;浸出实验结果表明:重金属Ni、Cu、Pb和Cd的浸出浓度远低于国家标准。     

添加剂和水洗对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属迁移特性的影响

研究了添加剂（粘土和粉煤灰）、水洗预处理对焚烧飞灰烧结过程重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni）迁移特性的影响.水洗时间为8、 16、 24 h.烧结实验条件为成型压力3 kN,烧结温度1 100℃,烧结时间4 h.结果表明,在飞灰中粘土添加比例增加到70%时,重金属Cd的固化率从16.96%升高到28.42%,Pb的固化率从10.58%升高到37.02%, Cu的固化率从46.38%上升到55.14%,Zn的固化率从42.14%上升到64.47%,Ni和Cr的固化率总体上呈现下降的趋势.总体上添加粘土对焚烧飞灰烧结过程中重金属的固定效果有限.当粉煤灰在烧结前样品中的比例增加时,Cd的固化率从16.96%下降到4.67%,Cu的固化率从46.86%上升到81.43%.粉煤灰的加入对于Zn和Pb的影响不大,对于Ni和Cr的影响规律也不明显.水洗预处理可以把Cd、Cu和Pb的固化率提高到80%以上.焚烧飞灰烧结体TCLP浸出测试表明,添加粘土和粉煤灰以及水洗预处理后,焚烧飞灰烧结试体的重金属浸出浓度普遍较低.     

基于固化法共处置飞灰和浓缩液浸出特性研究

在水泥固化时将生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（简称飞灰）以不同的比例代替复合硅酸盐水泥并且用垃圾渗滤液浓缩液代替水进行固化实验,研究了飞灰掺量（40%、50%、60%）、浓缩液替代水对水泥固化法固化效果及重金属（Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Ba）浸出的影响.结果表明：飞灰掺入量的增加会降低固化体的抗压强度,但浓缩液替代水对固化体的抗压强度没有显著影响.不同重金属的浸出行为受掺灰率的影响不同,掺灰率的增加会减少固化体中Zn的浸出,增加Pb和Cd的浸出,Zn、Pb、Cr、As在第36d可达到稳定浸出量不再增加,Ba的累积浸出量持续增加,加入浓缩液后固化体中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As等重金属的浸出量未超过标准限值,可以满足固化处理对浸出毒性的要求.     

掺加垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出毒性及力学特性分析

以广州某垃圾焚烧场的焚烧飞灰为研究对象,通过浸出试验研究了不同预处理方法处理飞灰以及掺预处理飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出毒性,并通过无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验探讨了垃圾焚烧飞灰对水泥土力学特性的影响。结果表明:焚烧飞灰在固液比1∶8条件下,水洗40 min后仅出现铬浸出浓度超标的现象;除硫酸亚铁外,EDTA二钠、磷酸钠和硫化钠均未能同时有效减少飞灰中铬和铅的含量;掺预处理飞灰的水泥土试样强度随着飞灰掺量、水泥含量及龄期的增加而提高; 10%预处理飞灰替代5%水泥后两者水泥土强度相近,说明掺入飞灰可以有效减少水泥用量。掺入飞灰的水泥土重金属浸出浓度远低于预处理飞灰的重金属浸出浓度,符合GB 5085. 3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》排放标准限值。     

飞灰哌嗪类螯合剂固化/稳定化体中重金属释放机理

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属对环境产生较大危害,而对其的固化/稳定化成为飞灰处理处置中的首要问题。用普通硅酸盐水泥处理垃圾焚烧飞灰较为普遍,为降低能耗提高产品效益,研究了新型大分子有机螯合剂哌嗪-N,N’-双二硫代羧酸钠（TS300）协同不同用量的水泥（30%、40%）固化飞灰中重金属的能力。探究了TS300对目标重金属Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni的浸出浓度、化学形态和微观结构的影响。结果表明：TS300协同水泥可有效固定飞灰中的重金属,降低浸出浓度60%以上;重金属Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni经固化后的化学形态整体向更稳定的方向移动;随着TS300和水泥添加量的增大,固化块晶体组成更稳定、抗酸强度上升且孔隙致密度增加,其中水泥添加量40%、TS300添加量8%的固化块重金属浸出浓度最低,固化效果最佳。综上,探究TS300协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属的效果和机理,有利于探究不同飞灰处理处置方式的优劣,分析水泥协同药剂固化稳定化飞灰重金属的效果,降低填埋场渗滤液的环境风险,为后续飞灰重金属螯合剂的研发提供新思路。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰的硅酸盐水泥稳定化效果研究

采用南方某城市生活垃圾焚烧厂的飞灰进行了硅酸盐水泥稳定化效果及工艺的研究,实验分别就水泥添加量、添加剂的使用、养护时间和浸取剂pH值等因素,考察了飞灰中重金属(Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn)的稳定化效果.结果表明,当硅酸盐水泥/飞灰=10%(质量比)时,采用硅酸盐水泥处理焚烧飞灰的稳定化产物中重金属的浸出浓度都已满足危险废物填埋场入场控制标准;当使用硅酸盐水泥对焚烧飞灰进行稳定化处理时,1d后其水化反应基本完成,此后稳定化处理后焚烧飞灰的重金属浸出毒性趋于稳定;pH相关性实验表明,当使用浸取剂的pH值在3～11的范围变化时,处理后的焚烧飞灰其浸出液的pH基本稳定在7左右,证明该法产生的稳定化产物对环境pH值有很好的适应性.     

全烧垃圾流化床炉飞灰制备免烧砖的性能研究

开展了水泥固化全烧垃圾循环流化床焚烧炉飞灰特性及其制备免烧砖的研究.同时,分析了飞灰的特性,研究了水泥用量对砖体抗压强度和重金属浸出毒性的影响,并对固化前后飞灰在不同p H值溶液环境下的重金属渗滤特性和基于改进RCR连续提取法的重金属形态分布进行了对比研究.结果表明:飞灰中Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni的浸出浓度分别达到1.76、60.29、5.36、1.48 mg·L-1,远超出生活垃圾填埋标准的规定,Cd、Zn、Cu的酸可交换态部分很高,分别为48%、21.26%、20.72%.水泥基材具有良好的稳定效果,添加量达到30%时,免烧砖中重金属的浸出毒性已远低于标准值.随着水泥掺量的提高,免烧砖的抗压强度呈上升趋势,当水泥比例为30%时,强度可达到12.8 MPa,35%水泥比例的砖体,其抗压强度则达到国标建筑用砖的MU15级.与原始飞灰相比,砖体中重金属在不同渗滤液p H下的浸出趋势并未改变,浸出量却显著下降,p H的适应范围变宽.另外,重金属中酸可交换态部分降至低于1%,主要转变成了可还原态,对环境的污染风险大幅降低.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.