黄河(清水河段)沉积物中重金属的存在形式

应用连续化学浸提技术对黄河水体中重金属在不同粒径沉积物上的分布特征以及存在的化学形态进行了分析。结果表明 :(1 )沉积物的粒径越小 ,重金属的含量越高 ;(2 )黄河 (清水河段 ) 1 2 0目沉积物中不同形态的重金属分布为Pb:Ⅵ >Ⅳ >Ⅲ >Ⅴ >Ⅰ、Ⅱ ;Ni:Ⅵ >Ⅴ >Ⅳ >Ⅰ >Ⅲ >Ⅱ ;Cu:Ⅵ >Ⅳ >Ⅴ >Ⅲ >Ⅰ >Ⅱ ;Mn :Ⅵ >Ⅲ >Ⅳ >Ⅴ >Ⅰ、Ⅱ ;Fe:Ⅵ >Ⅳ >Ⅴ >Ⅲ >Ⅰ >Ⅱ ;Zn :Ⅴ >Ⅵ >Ⅳ >Ⅲ >Ⅰ、Ⅱ ;Co:Ⅵ >Ⅳ >Ⅴ >Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ ;Cd :Ⅱ >Ⅲ >Ⅳ >Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ (Ⅰ—水溶态 ,Ⅱ—可交换态 ,Ⅲ—碳酸盐结合态 ,Ⅳ—Fe Mn氧化物态 ,Ⅴ—有机态 ,Ⅵ—残渣态 ) :     

海西深成岩的成因:根据西班牙比利牛斯中部马拉德塔火成杂岩体的Sr、Pb、O研究所得的结论

<正> 马拉德塔深成杂岩体形成于海西造山运动最晚阶段,置位于比利牛斯地区的古生代沉积岩系中。本研究所涉及的岩体东部,由早期侵入的堆积辉长-苏长岩、接着置位的黑云母-角闪石花岗闪长岩主体组成,后者又为两个小的二云母堇青石花岗岩岩株所侵入。花岗闪长岩的~(87)Rb-~(87)Sr等时线年龄为277±7百万年,初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值为0.711±3。辉长质岩石的锶初始     

墨西哥萨卡特卡斯州弗雷斯尼约银矿区的钾-氩年龄研究

弗雷斯尼约矿区是世界上主要白银产地之一,产出有从矽卡岩和交代型铅-锌矿体到低温热液型矿脉和古热泉矿床的完整的热液成矿组合系列。钾-氩年龄研究的目的是旨在解释岩浆与热液事件之间的时间关系。这个地区最古老的岩性地层单位是中生界海相沉积岩和镁铁质火山岩,它们被花岗闪长岩-二长岩质成分的小侵入体所切割,与上覆中第三系长英质火山岩呈不整合接触。后者是弗雷斯尼约矿区一些比较重要矿体的直接围岩。钾-氩年龄的测定,证实了由原始长英质火山作用(38.4±0.8Ma),到岩浆侵入(32—33Ma),再到热液活动(29—31Ma),最后到成矿期后长英质火山作用(27—28Ma)的演化模式。这些数据与从本区地质关系推断出来的各种事件的次序是一致的。这些钾-氩年龄还强调了弗雷斯尼约矿区侵入岩浆活动与矿化之间的重要关系。     

辉长岩与伴生花岗岩类成因联系的岩石化学标准

在贫水花岗岩类系列(辉长岩-花岗岩、英云辉长岩-花岗闪长岩及石英二长岩-花岗岩)的主要类型中,辉长岩类形成较早,其数量从第一类型到最后娄型逐渐减少。不同研究人员对于辉长岩类在上述系列中起的作用评价不一。本文作者基于上述各类型岩石化学分析,提出如下看法,在辉长岩(这是花岗岩类系列母体岩浆的结晶产物)的辉长岩-花岗岩伴生类型以及在英云辉长岩-花岗闪长岩组合中,辉长岩或是早期结晶相的积聚集合体,或者是这些早期结晶相与原来的安山质岩浆发生混染所形成的。     

湖北黄梅乱泥滩花岗岩体的同位素年龄及成因初析

黄梅乱泥滩花岗岩侵入年龄为124.1Ma,完全冷却暴露地表年龄为80Ma,据岩石化学、稀土元素地球化学、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比值、∈Nd值、δ~(18)0值等综合分析,均显示该岩体具有“S”型花岗岩类的特征,其原始物质来自地壳。岩浆侵位深度为4.8km,结晶温度为798℃,氧逸度fO_2=1×10~(-11)a,压力P=6.57×10~8Pa岩体侵位时处于张性构造环境的陆内碰撞带。     

江西修水花山洞钨矿床同位素年代学研究及其意义

江西修水花山洞钨矿床是近年来新发现的钨矿床,与华南地区大量钨矿床与燕山期岩浆活动相关的传统认识不同,该矿床形成于晋宁期,成矿作用与晋宁期岩浆作用密切相关。本文通过对该矿区与成矿作用关系密切的花岗闪长岩和矿体矿石中辉钼矿同位素年代学研究,获得了花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素加权平均年龄为863±18 Ma(MSWD=0.024)、辉钼矿Re-Os同位素加权平均年龄为805±5 Ma(MSWD=1.01)。结果表明,花山洞钨矿床成矿年龄略晚于矿区花岗闪长岩,显示了成矿作用与花岗闪长岩分异演化一致,花山洞钨矿床成矿时代为晋宁期,是晋宁期岩浆活动的产物。     

湖南郴县千里山花岗岩的岩石学特征

千里山花岗岩是一个与W、Sn、Mo、Bi多金属矿床有关的多期多阶段岩浆侵入体。燕山晚期的花岗斑岩,其矿物学、岩石学及地球化学等各项特征均与燕山早期花岗岩及其衍生岩脉的特征不相同,W、Sn、Mo、Bi矿化与早期花岗岩体有关而与晚期花岗斑岩无成因联系,主体期花岗岩应属改造型,其成岩温度约在700℃±,压力约为1千巴,fo_2=10~(-15.5)～10~(-17.0),fH_2o=135～815巴,有利于矽卡岩的形成。     

新疆阿尔泰成矿带可可塔勒花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

新疆阿尔泰成矿带花岗岩发育,其中很多花岗岩与成矿作用有着密切的联系,特别是400Ma左右的岩浆活动是阿尔泰地区一次重要的岩浆成矿活动,阿尔泰许多金属矿床与这一时期的岩浆构造作用有关。本次研究的出露于可可塔勒铅锌矿区的黑云母花岗岩体,其锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为(401.8±1.5)Ma,表明可可塔勒花岗岩是阿尔泰成矿带400Ma左右发生的一次重要岩浆构造作用的产物,该黑云母花岗岩体侵入于矿区下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山岩地层中,岩体与围岩接触带附近的围岩蚀变明显,该黑云母花岗岩的侵入以及其后期的岩浆热液活动可能对区内成矿物质的活化、迁移、富集、成矿具有一定的贡献。     

首次直接测定太古代叠层石灰岩的放射性年代

本文旨在介绍用长寿命放射性衰变系统首次直接测定沉积碳酸盐岩的年龄。津巴布韦南部马斯文戈(旧称维多利亚堡)绿岩带的穆香迪克叠层石灰岩,其Pb/Pb等时线年龄为2839±33Ma。已发表的关于穆香迪克灰岩的年龄(～3.5Ga)的主张,其根据是猜想的穆香迪克花岗岩对它的侵入,据报道,该花岗岩体的Rb/Sr全岩年龄为3445±260Ma。穆香迪克花岗岩体的最新Rb-Sr和Pb/Pb同位素数据表明,该花岗岩体的侵位年龄可能为～2900Ma,新的野外证据表明,该花岗岩体构成了叠层石灰岩沉积的基底。因此,这些新年龄数据并不支持穆香迪克藻叠层石的年龄为～3.5Ga。Pb/Pb等时线方法可以测定前寒武纪含化石灰岩和不含化石灰岩的沉积年龄,因而对古生命问题的解决具有广泛的应用范围。     

长乐—南澳构造带白垩纪“片麻状”浆混杂岩的成岩机制研究——以泉州肖厝岩体为例

闽东南长乐—南澳构造带沿线出露大面积白垩纪花岗岩岩基,普遍存在岩浆混合现象,肖厝侵入岩是其中的代表性岩体。野外观察和化学分析表明,肖厝侵入岩由二长花岗岩和辉长闪长岩、以及该两种混合端员岩浆混合形成的闪长质-花岗闪长质-花岗质过渡岩类组成;岩石总体富碱、富LREE和LILE、贫HFSE;A/CNK=0.82~1.05,属准铝质-微过铝质钙碱性系列,部分受流体交代的岩石A/CNK值可升高至1.69;岩浆混合过程中发生了元素的选择性富集/亏损和同位素组成的均一化,(87 Sr/86 Sr)i为0.7055~0.7061,εNd(t)为-1.9~-3.0。锆石年代学研究表明,肖厝侵入岩的岩浆混合开始于约136Ma,于121Ma时初始侵位于下地壳。结合区域地质特征,分析了肖厝侵入岩的成岩机制,提出岩体侵位早于长乐—南澳构造带的变质变形作用,两者不存在成因上的联系;118~100Ma时该构造带曾发生过深层次地壳逆冲推覆,使形成于中—下地壳的韧性剪切带和肖厝侵入岩共同快速上升至地表。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.