上海地区近136年气温和降水量变化的多尺度分析

论文主要利用墨西哥帽小波变换和经验模态分解(EMD)等方法对1873-2008年上海地区年平均气温和年降水量序列进行分析。以期认识上海气候在不同尺度下的振荡结构和周期特征。结果表明:上海近136 a来增温趋势明显,特别是在20世纪80年代以后增速超过以往。而40年代的暖期和60年代的冷期构成上海20世纪气温变化的主要特征。城市化的发展对城郊气温变化差异的影响十分显著。上海的年降水量主要是以短时间尺度的振荡为主,其中以40 a左右的波动为主要周期。小波变换的结果表明在长时间尺度上降水将增加,而短时间尺度上则相反。     

基于小波变换的兰州市近十年空气污染指数变化

对兰州市近10年逐日空气污染指数的时间序列采用一维连续Morlet小波进行小波变换分析,研究了该市大气污染时间序列的多尺度变化特征、主周期和影响因素.结果表明:兰州市近10年空气污染指数在不同时问尺度上具有不同的"高一低"交替演化规律,且以300 d左右的变化为主周期,100 d左右的变化为次周期;受地形条件的影响,大...     

基于连续小波变换、SHAP和XGBoost的土壤有机质含量高光谱反演

针对土壤有机质含量高光谱反演中存在的光谱有效信号薄弱和光谱信息冗余问题,提出结合连续小波变换、SHAP和XGBoost的土壤有机质含量高光谱反演框架.以北京市延庆区和房山区永久基本农田土壤为研究对象,首先,基于连续小波变换处理的土壤光谱反射率数据构建初始XGBoost模型;然后,利用SHAP方法分析模型中各波段的贡献度以筛选特征波段;最后,基于特征波段重新构建和优化XGBoost模型,实现土壤有机质含量高光谱反演.发现连续小波变换尺度为25时,利用SHAP方法选取的40个特征波段构建的XGBoost模型准确性最高,有机质含量反演值和实测值之间的R²为0.80,RMSE为3.60g·kg^-1;随着连续小波变换尺度的增大,R2呈现先升高后降低的趋势,25尺度下的R2比21尺度的高0.37;SHAP方法选取的特征波段比Pearson相关分析法少682个,RMSE低0.69 g·kg^-1;XGBoost模型的R2分别比随机森林和支持向量机模型高4%和8%.验证了结合连续小波变换、SHAP和XGBoost在土壤有机质含量高光谱反演...     

合肥台短水准异常与周边地震活动分析

以合肥台跨郯庐断裂短水准数据为基础,结合华东地区中强震及安徽地区小震释放能量分析了历史测量资料在地震期间的变化,研究了辅助资料对测量资料的影响,得出:(1)降水虽可能造成敏感地块的断层形变异常,但在区域应力作用断层到一定强度时断层形变异常仍具有一定的前兆意义.(2)华东地区中强地震、安徽地区小震(群)与合肥台断层形变存...     

北京城区PM_(2.5)不同时间尺度周期性研究

为研究北京城区PM_(2.5)浓度不同时间尺度的周期及其演变特征,利用2010~2015年PM_(2.5)浓度和常规气象资料,对其进行Morlet小波和交叉小波分析.结果表明,北京城区PM_(2.5)浓度存在显著的周期性变化,主要周期包括24h左右,8d左右和14d左右.14d左右的周期主要受大气准双周振荡的影响,8d左右周期不仅与天气尺度系统周期有关,此外可能还与人类活动引起"星期效应"有关,其中天气尺度系统的影响可能居于主要地位.通过交叉小波分析,PM_(2.5)与平均风速在8d和14d左右存在显著的共振现象,并且二者表征为负位相关系.气象要素日变化、城市居民行为习惯导致的污染物排放差异可能是造成24h左右振荡周期的重要因素.北京城区PM_(2.5)浓度的各周期在秋冬季较为显著,与北京地区秋冬季低层大气更多受强天气系统的影响有关;春夏季PM_(2.5)浓度较低和影响因素较多以及局地中尺度热力环流对于低层大气的影响更为显著是该时期周期性较弱的主要原因;季节内振荡(40~60d)在2014年后减弱可能与北京市开展的减排措施有关.尽管本研究利用小波分析方法得到一些关于北京城区PM_(2.5)浓度振荡周期及其演变特征的有效信息,但所用资料时长较短且站点相对单一,所得结论还需要大量的实测数据或其他分析方法的验证.     

基于跨断层形变资料的地震预测效能回溯性分析——以鲜水河断裂带为例

对1990年1月1日至2018年9月30日鲜水河断裂带的跨断层观测资料进行处理,结合该时段内的历史震例(M≥6. 0),根据水平形变速率合成结果追溯了几次震例的特征,同时利用R值评分标准采用速率差分方法对统计检验和模拟检验结果进行回溯性分析,并对水平形变单测项按12个月窗长进行预测效能分析。结果表明:由于鲜水河断裂带的震例和测项较多,并积累有丰富的跨断层资料,所以从目前已有的震例分析来看,从水平速率合成结果可以看出在多次地震前都会出现显著的速率增强或者速率减弱变化特征。通过开展预测效能回溯性分析进行震例总结所提取的预测指标对地震发生的时间具有一定的预测意义。     

跨断层水准数据处理方法在苏鲁皖地区的应用

本文主要介绍了处理跨断层水准数据的2种方法,包括断层垂直形变速率合成分析法和断层形变趋势累计率分析法。文中概括了各种方法的特征以及在分析苏鲁皖地区断层活动趋势中的应用。     

“2+26”城市PM2.5与气象因子的尺度依存关系及影响因素分析

基于"2+26"城市的PM_2.5浓度和气象数据，通过连续小波变换（CWT）和离散小波变换（DWT）分析PM_2.5时间序列的变化，利用小波相干（WTC）和多小波相干（MWC）量化PM_2.5与单个、多个气象因子在时频域中的响应关系，并结合偏小波相干（PWC）定量评估大气遥相关因子对响应关系的影响.结果表明：①"2+26"城市的PM_2.5浓度具有中间高、外围低的空间分布特征.PM_2.5突变事件主要发生于气象条件稳定的冬季，并且集中在2018年以前.256~512 d的年尺度周期特征较稳定，同时也是PM_2.5时间序列的主导周期.②PM_2.5与气象因子的相干性取决于时频尺度和变量组合.在所有时频尺度上，PM_2.5与相对湿度、温度的相干性较强；在小、中时频尺度上，PM_2.5与风速相干性较强；在大时频尺度上，PM_2.5与温度的相干性较强.降水、温度和相对湿度的组合可作为解释PM_2.5在所有时频尺度上变化的最佳变量组合.③时频尺度不同，大气遥相关因子对响应关系的增强/削弱作用不尽相同.在所有时频尺度上，厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）对PM_2.5与降水、温度之间响应关系的影响较大，太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）对PM_2.5与相对湿度、风速之间响应关系的影响较大.结果可为区域大气污染治理提供参考.     

江苏茅山断裂带中段重力异常多尺度分析及其构造识别

采用小波变换多尺度分析,将茅山断裂带中段的重力数据分解为不同尺度的重力异常,用于研究该区的地质构造特征。小波变换多尺度分析可以将重力数据分解为不同深度的局部异常和区域异常,局部异常解释为浅部地质体引起,区域异常解释为深部地质体引起。基于此种地质解释,分析了不同深度地质体与重力异常的对应关系,并对产生异常的原因进行解释,推断出该区的主要断裂构造,并对已有研究成果进行修正。研究结果表明,断裂带中段的构造形式与重力异常之间有较好的对应关系。     

小波奇异性在地震信号去噪中的应用

论文介绍了地震信号的去噪过程中,利用小波良好的时频局部化能力和多分辨率分析能力,对信号进行变换,利用变换后的幅值极大点检测出信号的奇异点(突变点,包含了震相和噪声),继而利用在不同的变换尺度下,震相信号和噪声模极大值的变化特征的不同来去除噪声.利用我台的地震信号进行验证,该方法去噪后震相更清晰,震相的标注信度更高.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.