稀酸水解玉米秸秆两步发酵联产氢气和甲烷

在批式试验中以牛粪堆肥为天然产氢菌源,分别以蔗糖和稀酸水解玉米秸秆为底物,通过厌氧发酵考察不同牛粪堆肥处理方式对发酵产氢性能的影响,并在此基础上构建了稀酸水解玉米秸秆两步发酵联产氢气-甲烷体系。当以蔗糖为底物时,牛粪堆肥处理方式对产氢影响不显著,产氢量均较高;当以稀酸水解玉米秸秆为底物时,室温浸泡处理的牛粪堆肥产氢效果最好,氢气最大产量达到213.8 m L/g TS。以稀酸水解玉米秸秆产氢发酵液为底物进行甲烷发酵,使秸秆的综合能量回收率达到41.2%,较单一发酵产氢时的能量回收率13.2%显著提高。     

油菜秸秆厌氧消化产沼气特性研究

该研究以探索油菜秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷潜力为目的,利用一组高效纤维素分解产甲烷菌群在CSTR厌氧反应器内分解定量油菜秸秆41 d,通过监测厌氧发酵过程中的甲烷生产效率,以及纤维素酶活性等指标,评价油菜秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷的能力。结果表明:油菜秸秆在发酵菌群的作用下能够大量产生沼气,50 g干秸秆厌氧发酵后总产气量为13 200 m L,产气效率达到264 m L/g。在发酵过程中,秸秆纤维素被有效分解,纤维素酶活性和半纤维素酶活性分别达0.63、0.81 U/m L。纤维素酶活性与沼气产量具有良好的相关性,相关性系数达到0.95,表明秸秆纤维素类厌氧发酵产沼气体系内,具有良好纤维素酶活性的菌群对甲烷生产具有重要的意义。     

低温沼气发酵影响因子初探

在8℃低温条件下,研究了青海高寒地区的沼气发酵的最适底物配比,pH、TS浓度、盐度等发酵因子。结果如下:猪粪∶牛粪∶羊粪∶油菜秸秆配比为1∶1∶2∶1时,沼气产量最高;低温沼气发酵试验最显著影响因子为pH,其次是TS浓度和盐度,沼气发酵最佳条件为pH 7.2,TS浓度为8%,盐度为4%,产沼气量最高可达80.1%,因此优化甲烷菌低温发酵条件能够促进产气量的增加。     

沼气产生菌的低温筛选及其复配研究

采用厌氧培养技术、低温培养技术(8℃)及多种菌群的混合培养技术,分别通过限制性培养基,分离筛选出产甲烷菌(MPB)、纤维素降解菌(FDB)、蛋白酶产生菌(PPB)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)以及产氢细菌(HPB),以猪粪、油菜秸秆、牛粪为发酵底物,进行复合发酵沼气试验。结果表明:当MPB、FDB、PPB、SRB、HPB混合比例为4∶3∶3∶1∶2时,甲烷的产量最高,其得率达200.13 m L/L,明显高于未添加复合菌剂时的甲烷产量(仅48.02 m L/L)。     

土霉素对厌氧发酵中酶活性和甲烷产量的影响

以猪粪为原料,小麦秸秆为调节物质,在小型厌氧发酵装置进行中温(37℃)厌氧发酵试验,研究了外源添加土霉素(OTC)对厌氧发酵过程中累积甲烷产量、脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性的影响以及土霉素的浓度变化情况.依据土霉素的添加量不同,试验共设置4个处理:CK处理,L处理(OTC质量分数60 mg·kg-1),M处理(OTC质量分数100 mg·kg-1),H处理(OTC质量分数140 mg·kg-1).结果表明:厌氧发酵初期,土霉素对甲烷累积产量有一定的促进作用,以后转变为抑制作用.厌氧发酵结束时,同对照相比,L至H处理甲烷累积产量依次减少了8.9%,4.6%,9.4%.厌氧发酵初期,土霉素对脲酶活性有一定的促进作用,随后转变为抑制作用;厌氧发酵前期,不同浓度土霉素对脱氢酶活性均表现为抑制作用,厌氧发酵后期,只有H处理的脱氢酶活性显著小于对照.土霉素含量在第10 d大幅度减少,30 d后土霉素含量基本维持不变.     

鸡粪与麦秸混合厌氧发酵产沼气特性

为深入研究混合发酵对秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响,将4种不同形态的麦秸分别与鸡粪混合进行厌氧发酵产沼气,分析了试验过程中产气量,发酵液p H值、EC、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFAs)、NH₄⁺-N和碱度的变化.结果表明:秸秆单独发酵产气量较低,不同形态秸秆单独发酵过程中发酵液各指标的变化趋势相似,总体为原秸秆高于一次发酵秸秆,搓揉秸秆高于未搓揉秸秆;鸡粪单独发酵累积产气量,发酵液p H值、EC、TVFAs、NH₄⁺-N和碱度等均高于秸秆单独发酵;混合发酵提高了秸秆的产气速率和产气峰值,缩短了峰值出现时间和达到80%总产气量的时间;将鸡粪与不同形态秸秆混合发酵对提高秸秆累积产气量的效果不同,在扣除鸡粪产气的影响后,鸡粪与原秸秆、搓揉秸秆、一次发酵秸秆和一次发酵秸秆搓揉混合发酵处理的秸秆TS产气量较相应的秸秆单独发酵分别提高了-12.19%、10.54%、13.01%和-12.21%;混合发酵各处理发酵液各指标的变化趋势相似,且处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),混合发酵日产气量和发酵液各指标的变化更温和,...     

多元混合物料协同促进厌氧消化产甲烷性能试验研究

为评估农牧废弃物多元物料混合厌氧发酵对产甲烷性能的协同促进作用,研究了中温（37±1）℃和固体质量分数为12%时,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆混合原料的厌氧消化产甲烷性能,最后应用修正的Gompertz方程分析甲烷生产的动力学过程.结果表明：3种物料混合厌氧发酵发生了明显的协同促进作用,协同效应作用值为34.85%~70.39%,贡献效果显著（P<0.05）;当牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS混合比例为50：20：30时,甲烷产率、累计甲烷产量和VS降解率达到最大值,分别为286.0mL/g VS、20713mL和65.6%,比单一牛粪、蔬菜废弃物以及玉米秸秆厌氧消化甲烷产量分别提高了32.9%、229.9%和82.0%.修正的Gompertz方程能较好反映物料厌氧消化产甲烷过程,拟合结果的R²均大于0.99,牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS比例为50：20：30时具有最大产甲烷速率17.34mL/（d×g）和较短的迟滞时间2.97d.该研究结果可为农牧废弃物多元混合物料厌氧消化产沼气工程提供参考.     

超声波预处理对牛粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧发酵特性的影响

为了探索超声波预处理提高厌氧发酵产气量的机理、优化超声波预处理工艺及分析超声波预处理的能量效益,利用因子分析法和通径分析研究不同发酵阶段各环境因子对发酵过程的影响,以及发酵初始环境与甲烷产量之间的关系.同时,用响应面优化法优化超声波预处理工艺,并且分析了超声波预处理的能量效益.结果表明,在40 k Hz和0.20 k W下,适宜的超声波预处理能显著提高厌氧发酵总产气量(p0.05),牛粪预处理17.68 min后与玉米秸秆预处理19.94 min混合发酵,甲烷产量最高为177.20 L·kg-1(以TS计),显著高于CK(未经预处理组,p0.05),其能量效益也最高,为1835.14 k J·kg-1(以TS计).超声波预处理通过改变发酵初始环境之间的相互关系和发酵过程环境的主要影响因素来使发酵系统更加稳定从而提高产气量.超声波预处理是一种能量输入的预处理方式,产气量高于CK处理组,但其能量效益不一定大于零.因此,在优化超声波预处理条件时必须对其能量效益进行分析.研究结果能为超声波预处理条件的优化方式提供理论依据.     

NaOH预处理对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

以农村废弃资源香蕉秸秆为原料,采用试验室自制的厌氧发酵装置,在恒温35℃和发酵料液总固体质量分数为6%的条件下进行沼气发酵试验,研究不同质量分数(2%、4%、6%、8%) NaOH的预处理对香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵产气效果的影响。研究结果表明:香蕉秸秆经过NaOH预处理后与对照组(未经NaOH预处理)相比产气量明显增加,其中,NaOH预处理浓度为6%的处理组,发酵58 d时的总产沼气量、总产甲烷量、总固体(TS)产气量、总固体(TS)产甲烷量均最高,分别为21581. 00 mL、11878. 30 mL、548. 87 mL/g、302. 10 mL/g。经过NaOH预处理后的香蕉秸秆发酵过程中pH值在适宜的范围内波动,发酵前后发酵液中COD的降解率均达到60%以上。故综合来看,NaOH预处理能缩短香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵的启动时间,增加发酵体系的缓冲性和稳定性,提高产气效果,且NaOH预处理浓度为6%时,香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵效果最优。     

D1菌株预处理水葫芦单相厌氧发酵连续产沼气试验

利用高效降解纤维素的菌株D1对水葫芦进行预处理,将其内部结构破坏后与活性污泥混合,在不添加任何底物情况下,对比经过预处理与未经预处理水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气的优化条件,得出最佳优化条件。进一步将水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气的最佳优化条件进行放大试验,结果表明:在10 L厌氧发酵罐内,100 g的水葫芦经5 mL含有107孢子的D1菌株菌悬液预处理48 h后,与厌氧活性污泥在30℃厌氧发酵60 d左右,其产气效率明显优于未经预处理的水葫芦,达15.52 L,平均产气量达155.2 mL/g,甲烷含量为63.5%。同时考察了反应器内的pH变化,结果表明pH值相对比较稳定,适合甲烷菌产气。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.