基于CMIP5模式数据渭河流域近200年来径流变化

基于CMIP5模式输出的1850—2005年渭河流域17个站点的径流模数数据,采用线性回归、变差系数、小波分析及Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了渭河流域径流时空变化特征,探讨了径流变化的原因。结果表明：渭河流域径流的空间分布为西南高东北低,最大值位于渭源、武山区域,最小值位于下游支流的洛河区域。年径流表现出波动变化,1850—1896年、1929—1939年、1968—1984年径流呈上升趋势,1896—1929年、1939—1968年、1984—2005年呈下降趋势,年平均径流趋势率为?0.004 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1。春、夏、秋、冬径流趋势率分别为?0.002 L?(km²·s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、0.022 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、?0.033 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、?0.004 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1。渭河流域支流径流变率较大,干流变率较小,支流径流变率依次为北洛河＞石川河＞泾河＞漆水河＞千河＞葫芦河＞散渡河。年平均径流在1871年、1908年、1984年、1990年发生突变,而且具有4—6 a,8—10 a,15—20 a,25—35 a,85—95 a,110—120 a的显著周期。相关分析表明：气温、蒸发量与径流为反相关,降水与径流为正相关,土地利用及人类活动对径流也有一定影响。这些研究为认识过去长时期径流变化规律,以及渭河流域水生态环境管理提供了依据,对比较不同资料径流研究也提供了参考。     

广西贺州市典型矿区周边耕层土壤Cd通量特征

广西是我国西南部典型的地质高背景区,碳酸盐岩、黑色岩系、基性-超基性岩体与金属矿床（矿化体）强烈的风化成壤作用,使土壤重金属镉（Cd）含量高于全国其他地区.为了查明在地质高背景区矿业活动对耕层土壤环境质量的影响程度,在广西贺州市选取矿业活动影响区和对照区为研究区,系统开展了耕层土壤Cd输送途径及输送通量密度的对比研究.结果表明,在矿区和对照区耕层土壤中,Cd大气干湿沉降通量密度平均值分别为1.87 g·（hm²·a）^-1和1.52 g·（hm²·a）^-1,分别占总输入通量密度的61.5%和60.3%,施肥和灌溉输入土壤Cd通量密度较低;Cd的输出途径均以地表水下渗为主,分别占总输出通量密度的75.4%和86.6%,农作物收割输出通量密度矿区高于对照区,且矿区内种植的水稻籽实Cd含量超标率更高,玉米籽实则未超标.整体上,矿区与对照区土壤Cd净输送通量密度分别为-3.05 g·（hm²·a）^-1和-4.05 g·（hm²·a）^-1,表现为土壤Cd淋失状态,但大气干湿沉降输入通量密度高值点和水稻籽实Cd含量超标点均主要分布在矿区周围,有可能对当地居民健康造成潜在威胁,因此建议通过监控和种植结构调整对该区域Cd污染土壤进行治理.     

他念他翁山中段仁措湖地区花岗岩风化晕生长侵蚀模型研究及原地生成宇宙成因核素测年思考

通过建立他念他翁山流域仁措湖地区的花岗岩风化晕生长模型与侵蚀模型,并利用此模型定量了仁措湖地区花岗岩暴露年代。研究结果显示：该地区花岗岩风化晕平均生长速率为4.88 mm? (10 ka) ^?1;平均侵蚀速率为2.15 mm?ka^?1。通过此模型对仁措湖地区的年代进行计算,得出该地区花岗岩风化时间约为(236±88)— (19834±1560) a。结合原地生成宇宙成因核素（terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclide,TCN）测年原理,推算出青藏高原花岗岩冰川沉积物至少侵蚀速率分别为：青藏高原东北部为(2.61±0.05) mm?ka^?1、青藏高原东南部为(3.43±0.70) mm?ka^?1、青藏高原中部为(3.42±0.34) mm?ka^?1、喜马拉雅中部为(3.71±0.72) mm?ka^?1、高原西部为(3.14±0.52) mm?ka^?1、喜马拉雅山脉西部为(3.36±0.67) mm?ka^?1、帕米尔高原东部为(3.45±0.59) mm?ka^?1、帕米尔高原西部为(3.11±0.41) mm?ka^?1、天山为(3.63±0.53) mm?ka^?1,恢复后整个青藏高原的TCN测年精度提高了10%左右。     

青藏高原尼洋河流域化学风化的季节变化特征和影响因素

流域风化是理解大陆岩石化学风化对全球气候变化的反馈机制的重要途径,目前的研究集中在大河流域,小流域特别是高寒地区流域化学风化的影响因素尚不确定。本文选择岩性相对单一、人为活动干扰少的青藏高原尼洋河流域为研究对象,开展一个水文年的采样分析,阐明高寒地区流域岩石化学风化的季节变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果显示：尼洋河河水离子主要来源于碳酸盐岩风化和硅酸盐岩风化,对河水中阳离子贡献量分别达到60%和29%,风化速率分别为0.20—19.00 t?km^?2?month^?1和0.09—0.80 t?km^?2?month^?1,年平均值分别为11.90 t?km^?2?a^?1和4.38 t?km^?2?a^?1。在一个水文年内,碳酸盐岩风化明显受到季节变化的影响,而硅酸盐岩风化对季节变化的响应不明显,总体表现为雨季风化速率增加,旱季风化速率降低。地表径流是控制尼洋河流域化学风化的重要因素,径流增大,促进碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化,但岩石的溶解动力特征会限制径流对风化速率的促进作用。碳酸盐岩溶解速率大,径流增大能持续有效促进碳酸盐岩风化;而硅酸盐岩溶解速率小,随着径流量增大,风化速率增速降低。温度升高能有效促进尼洋河流域的岩石风化,提高岩石矿物的溶解速率。温度也能通过影响径流变化,间接影响流域的风化。位于高寒地区的尼洋河流域气候因素之间相互影响,也影响着物理风化和化学风化。为此,在高寒地区流域展开监测周期更长、采样密度更高的工作,将有助于更好地理解气候因素对风化作用的影响规律。     

北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的初步研究

选取北江的河口站断面,对径流进行了5个季节的采样分析.结果表明,北江径流中颗粒有机碳含量随总悬浮物含量的变化而同步变化;溶解有机碳含量与总悬浮物含量之间有时表现微弱的正相关,有时表现微弱的负相关.随着水体总悬浮物含量的增加,总悬浮物中有机碳的质量分数呈对数趋势降低.洪峰时期径流对有机碳的搬运是全年总搬运量的主要部分,这种现象对于溶解有机碳更为显著.初步估算,北江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量为10.01×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,其中以颗粒有机碳为主,达到6.54×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,溶解有机碳的侵蚀通量为3.47×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1.北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的总量和组成特点与多数季风流域具有更大的一致性.     

湘西地区土壤重金属污染溯源分析及环境质量评价

为探究湘西地区土壤重金属污染状况及环境质量综合情况,选择凤凰县相关区域作为研究区,于2022年6~8月在研究区采集440件表层土壤样品,分析土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn这8种重金属元素以及测定土壤pH值.采用PMF模型进行溯源分析,并结合GIS技术开展土壤环境质量地球化学评价.结果表明,研究区土壤以弱酸性为主,重金属ω（Zn）、ω（Cr）、ω（Pb）、ω（Ni）、ω（Cu）、ω（As）、ω（Cd）和ω（Hg）平均值依次为：81.02、64.67、31.63、29.27、25.52、9.93、0.28和0.13 mg·kg^-1,Cd和Hg元素相对全国土壤背景值较高,且呈高度变异,林地中的Hg和Cd元素含量高于其他土地利用.PMF模型结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染来源贡献率依次为矿区开采源（37.4%）、大气沉降源（7.7%）、自然源（41.1%）和农业活动源（13.8%）,并根据4类污染源空间分布提供了污染管控措施建议,通过土壤环境地球化学综合评价将研究区分为3类地块,分别为无风险地区（94.27 km²）,占比为76.38%;风险可控区（27.45 km²）,占比为22.24%;风险较高区（1.7 km²）,占比为1.38%.为该研究区土地污染的防治措施和防治范围划区等提供数据支撑.     

中国区域紫外辐射红斑剂量时空变化特征

利用大气探测卫星AURA搭载的臭氧观测仪（ozone monitoring instrument,OMI）所获得的紫外辐射红斑剂量数据,分析了2005—2015年中国紫外辐射的时空变化特征。在空间上,紫外线辐射呈现纬度地带性分布,从南向北逐渐减小,大约从4200 J?m^?2到1500 J?m^?2递减。紫外辐射与高程呈现明显的正相关,东部、东北的低海拔地区,紫外辐射相对较低。在高海拨的青藏高原区,紫外辐射高,多年平均值大约为5500 J?m^?2,有些区域可达6000 J?m^?2以上。在时间上,紫外辐射红斑剂量存在明显的季节变化,一年中变化大致呈现抛物线分布。在夏季（7月份）达到最大值,多年平均值为5532.9 J?m^?2,春秋季次之,冬季（12月份）达到最小值,多年平均值为1089.2 J?m^?2。2005—2015年平均紫外线辐射呈上升趋势,但是在2010年出现谷值,多年平均值大约为3016.5 J?m^?2。不同区域的变化趋势表现出明显的空间差异,大体呈现两种模式：在高值的青藏高原区,紫外辐射呈现减少的趋势;在低值区,紫外辐射呈现逐渐增大的趋势。     

湿热流域化学风化与水化学组成季节变化——以西枝江流域为例

为研究湿热中小流域岩石化学风化与化学径流组成的关系，选取硅酸盐岩为主的东江一级支流西枝江流域，分别于2011年1月和7月采集干流和支流水样品并测量其化学组成，运用图解法和正演模型对西枝江流域水化学组成进行分析和定量计算。结果表明，Na⁺和HCO₃^-为西枝江流域水体的主要阳离子和阴离子，两者分别占总阳离子和总阴离子的55%以上。硅酸盐矿物的化学风化对水体阳离子的贡献最大（45.8%），其次是人类活动和碳酸盐矿物风化的贡献（分别是24.7%和22.0%），大气输入对阳离子的贡献相对较少（7.5%）。受碳酸盐矿物风化和人类活动影响较大的支流水化学组成季节变化较大，受硅酸盐矿物化学风化影响的河流水化学组成季节变化不明显。西枝江流域硅酸盐矿物和碳酸盐矿物化学风化速率分别是8.27和56.95 t/（km²·a），二者化学风化对大气CO₂的消耗速率分别为0.80×10⁵和8.52×10⁵ mol/（km²·a）。     

1985 — 2015年洛川塬土地利用/ 覆被变化及人类活动影响——以陕西省洛川县为例

洛川塬是黄土高原第二大黄土塬面，也是黄土高原面积最大的苹果种植区。近几十年来，由于塬面高强度人类活动影响，洛川塬沟道侵蚀剧烈，塬面萎缩呈现逐年加剧的趋势，严重影响了塬区的生产、生活和生态安全。因此，清晰了解近几十年来洛川塬土地利用/覆被变化及人类活动影响，对于洛川塬的保护和水土流失治理至关重要。本文使用遥感、地理信息系统和数学方法，以洛川塬主体洛川县为例，对洛川县1985年、2000年和2015年的土地利用数据进行了解译，分别从土地利用变化速度、转移方向和土地利用程度三方面综合分析了洛川县近30 a土地利用时空变化的规律及人类活动影响。研究结果表明：（1）1985—2015年洛川县主要的土地利用类型为林地、草地和耕地，三者面积占比达91.29%；近30 a土地利用变化最大的特点为建设用地面积持续增加且增幅最大，共增加了117.16 km²，年均增加5.11%，其中1985—2000年建设用地面积增加了38.13 km²，2000—2015年增加了79.03 km²，建设用地面积的增加主要由耕地转入；（2）近30 a人类活动对洛川县土地利用变化的影响主要体现在林地、草地、耕地、建设用地之间的转换；前15 a（1985—2000年）林草地面积减少，耕地和建设用地面积增加；后15 a（2001—2015年）林草地和建设用地面积增加，耕地面积减少；（3）近30 a洛川县的综合土地利用动态度呈现增加趋势但增幅较小，前15 a（1985—2000年）综合土地利用动态指数小于后15 a（2001—2015年），表明后期人类活动对土地利用综合开发利用起到积极的影响。     

浐河流域水-土-植物硝酸盐和氮同位素组成及氮源示踪

本文对关中浐河流域河水-土壤-植物的硝酸盐和氮同位素组成进行调查,并与前期对浐河河水氮同位素的结果对比。研究表明：从浐河上游至下游,土壤NO₃^?-N含量表现出：农耕区（43.5 mg???kg^?1）>森林区（3.25 mg???kg^?1）>城市区（0.63 mg???kg^?1）;土壤δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?值表现出：农耕区（18.1‰）>城市区（?1.5‰）>森林区（?5.8‰）;不同的土地利用类型是让其产生变化的重要原因。浐河河水NO₃^?-N含量（3.2?—?6.4 mg???kg^?1）及δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?值（?1.4‰?—?2.1‰）均表现出下游高于上游。相对于前期对浐河河水氮同位素的研究,发现上游和中游水体NO₃^?-N含量整体呈上升趋势,而下游地区NO₃^?-N含量有所下降。结合河流δ¹⁵N-NO₃^?的空间分布特征可以看出源头日渐发达的旅游业和中游农业的发展对水体的污染加重,而下游工业污染的治理效果明显。植物氮同位素变化范围在?4.6‰?—??2.1‰。对浐河周边水-土-植物的氮同位素组成特征和变化研究可以为浐河流域的生态评价和治理提供一定的理论依据。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.