不同植被类型及土壤对径流水化学特征的影响

在不同植被类型覆盖条件下,对降雨形成地表径流和地下径流的化学成分变化及其与土壤剖面性质的关系进行分析,结果表明:地表径流和地下径流的化学特征与雨水基本相同,阳离子主要以Ca²⁺为主,离子排序为Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺,阴离子以SO₄^2-为主,SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-.降雨形成地表径流和地下径流后,各成分浓度发生了明显的变化,水体中主要的阴阳离子如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等浓度增加,与雨水相比为内贮型化学成分,地下径流中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-增加的幅度显著高于地表径流.相关分析结果显示,地下径流pH受到土壤pH的强烈影响,受土壤胶体吸附的影响,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺等阳离子与土壤交换性阳离子之间一般呈负相关的关系,由于阴离子容易随水流失,水体中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-与土壤相关离子之间普遍呈正相关关系.     

丽江市夏季降水化学组成分析

运用相关分析、趋势分析、海盐示踪法和HYSPLIT模型,对2006-05-23～2006-07-02云南丽江市夏季降水常量离子的化学特征分析表明,降水中离子浓度的大小顺序为SO^2-₄>Ca²⁺>Cl^->NO^-₃>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺,其中SO^2-₄和Ca²⁺是夏季降水中的高浓度离子,分别占离子总浓度的65.5%和15.6%;13次降水中阴离子总浓度显著高于阳离子总浓度.夏季降水中SO^2-₄∶NO^-₃变化范围为7.2～37.1, 平均值为15.7, 表明SO^2-₄为该区降水酸度的主要贡献者.由于离子在大气中的相互反应和来源的相似性,离子间相关性水平较好,其中SO^2-₄和NO^-₃的相关系数为0.74;离子浓度与同期降水和平均风速表现负相关.研究区夏季降水中NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺主要是陆源物质输入,NO^-₃、 SO^2-₄、 K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Cl^-陆源物质贡献比例依次为100%、 98.8%、 96%、 99.3%、 46.7%和50.3%.人类经济活动导致的一些污染是该区大气环境变化的主要原因;丽江周边工业区的污染物质主要通过局地环流输入,南亚、东南亚和我国东南沿海工业区的污染物质主要随季风环流输入.     

不同类型建筑垃圾堆场大气降尘中水溶性离子污染特征

为了解建筑垃圾长期堆放产生的扬尘对大气的影响,选择北京市两个拆迁建筑垃圾堆放场,于2019年夏季、秋季进行降尘连续采样.共收集拆迁原地堆放有效降尘样品11个,异地集中堆放有效降尘样品11个,利用离子色谱法对大气降尘中水溶性离子组分及质量浓度进行分析.结果表明：阳离子中质量浓度最高的是Ca²⁺,其次是K⁺,NH₄⁺浓度最低;阴离子中质量浓度最高的是SO₄^2-,其次是Cl^-,NO₃^-最低,降尘样品呈碱性.建筑垃圾拆迁原地堆放场地Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺平均浓度高于异地集中堆放场地对应各离子浓度.拆迁原地堆放场地中Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、Cl^-受局地风向影响较大,空间分布情况与风向扩散趋势大致相同;异地集中堆放场地各离子浓度高值区域分布较原地堆放远,Ca²⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、Mg²⁺这5种离子空间分布与次主导风向较为相符.同时,两个场地水溶性离子平均浓度与距建筑垃圾堆放地的距离有一定的关系,采样点在距堆放中心200 m范围之内离子平均浓度最大,总体来说,距离堆放中心近的采样点位离子浓度高于距离较远的采样点位离子浓度.     

珠穆朗玛峰绒布河源区河水化学特征

为了研究绒布河源区夏季河水的基本化学特征 ,野外采集水样 117份 ,采用 PE-2380型原子吸收光谱仪测定样品的阳离子 ,Dionex-100型离子色谱仪测定阴离子 .结果表明 :①绒布河源区河水为 HCO₃,SO₄^- Ca型 .其离子浓度顺序为 :Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺,SO^2-₄>Cl^->NO^-₃ .②河水中离子 Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄ 之间 ,以及 K⁺和 Na⁺之间有很好的正相关关系 ,河水化学组成大部分来源于当地岩石的风化分解 .③整个夏季河水各月离子平均浓度和流量有良好的正相关关系 ,流量大的月份 ,各离子平均浓度也大 ,反之亦然 .     

北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布

2004-09在北京325 m气象塔的8、80、240 m 3个不同高度,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、K⁺的浓度在0.43～1.1 μm出现峰值;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;Na⁺,Cl^-的浓度在0.65～1.1 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,二次离子（SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）的峰值从“凝结模态"向“液滴模态"移动,高湿度可能是形成液滴模态的重要原因.二次离子（SO₄^2-,NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）随着高度升高,浓度有增加的趋势;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在80 m出现高值;K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-的垂直分布比较均匀.     

四川安宁河流域水化学特征及物源探讨

安宁河河谷地区是四川省第二大粮仓,区内人口较多、矿业发达。查明流域水化学特征及物质来源,对于探讨地质背景与人为活动对河流水化学特征的影响具有重要意义。研究显示,安宁河河水整体偏弱碱性,pH均值为8.18,TDS值高于世界河流平均值。河水中阳离子浓度平均值顺序为Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺,阴离子浓度平均值顺序为HCO₃^- > Cl^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-。空间上,自上游至下游,安宁河河水的TDS值和阴阳离子含量呈整体上升的趋势,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度波动较大。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩的风化,其次是碳酸盐岩的风化。流域内的NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动和土壤有机氮,矿业活动对安宁河河水中SO₄^2-浓度的影响较大,人为活动对安宁河流域水化学的影响不可忽视。     

天津市高校夏季道路扬尘PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源

为研究天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征、来源及校内外差异，于2018年7—8月采集天津市9所高校道路扬尘样品，用离子色谱法对其中8种水溶性离子（Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）进行分析.结果显示：①水溶性离子占PM_2.5的11.65%，PM_2.5中占比大于1%的离子有Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-，其中Ca²⁺最多，占到总水溶性无机离子的65.75%；②入校道路离子含量（12.76%）稍高于校内道路（11.11%），其中8种离子含量的差异均无统计学意义；CE/AE（阴阳离子当量浓度比）值为9.59（远大于1），PM_2.5呈较强碱性；③NH₄⁺与SO₄^2-、NO₃^-主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形态结合；④NO₃^-/SO₄^2-的比值为0.45，说明固定源的贡献更大；⑤天津市高校道路扬尘PM_2.5主要来源于海盐粒子、燃煤、机动车尾气、建筑水泥尘等.     

会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,在分析会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子化学特征和不同时期变化基础上,运用单指标污染标准指数法对不同时期地下水进行污染评价,利用多元统计、Gibbs模型和离子比例关系识别地下水主要离子成因.结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水主要为弱碱性淡水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.不同时期地下水主要离子总浓度顺序为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中K⁺和NO₃^-主要受含水层空间分布差异影响,Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺和TDS受时空尺度综合作用,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和Cl^-为水体中较稳定离子.受碳酸盐岩控制,丰水期、平水期和枯水期地下水化学类型具有高度一致性,HCO₃-Ca水占比分别为77.78%、77.78%和88.89%.地下水主要受SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NO₂^-污染,NO₃^-出现极严重程度污染样点,SO₄^2-在丰水期和平水期出现较重污染样点.地下水化学组分主要受水岩作用控制,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于方解石风化溶解,少量水点受白云岩、白云质灰岩及硫铁矿控制导致Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度偏高,K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-部分来源于大气降水,Na⁺和Cl^-部分来源于当地居民生活,K⁺与种植施用的钾肥相关,NO₃^-主要来源是化学肥料.     

城市化进程中长江经济带长江干流水化学演变特征及影响因素

快速的城市化过程对城市周边水体水化学组成特征产生了诸多影响.为揭示长江经济带城市群发展对长江水化学特征的影响,于2020年10—11月沿长江干流,采集了四川宜宾至上海145个河流水样,并对比了历史水化学数据.同时,运用数理统计、离子比值法等方法探究了长江经济带平水期水化学特征.结果表明：长江河水的主要水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,主要受流域内分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,Cl^-浓度沿径流方向升高,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度沿径流方向先升高后降低,SO₄^2-浓度沿径流方向逐渐上升,HCO₃^-浓度沿径流方向降低;城市化进程中,由于人类活动和工业活动加剧,除HCO₃^-外,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-浓度均升高;沿线工业活动、矿产开发、农业生产活动和生活污水排放可能是SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-的主要来源.     

玉龙雪山地区不同海拔高度降水中常量无机离子特征分析

运用海盐示踪法计算了云南省丽江市玉龙雪山2005-07-26～2006-07-31不同海拔高度降水中常量无机离子非海洋来源的比例,计算结果显示Cl^-、Na⁺海洋源比重较高,平均海洋源比重分别为74.79％、73.53％. NO^-₃、SO^2-₄、K⁺ 、Mg²⁺ 、Ca²⁺主要是非海洋源,平均非海洋源所占的比重依次为100％、93.54％、97.29％、81.77％、99.66％. 统计图显示阳离子浓度的变化远远大于阴离子,阳离子浓度区间为0.51～5.26 mg/L,阴离子浓度区间为0.99～4.90 mg/L,由此推断阳离子来源构成比较复杂. 分析表明陆源离子,尤其是近源陆源离子对该地区降水的无机离子构成和离子浓度影响较大,2400～2950 m人类活动导致阴离子浓度较高,2950～4800 m降水的离子浓度受局地环流的影响较大,玉龙雪山地区基岩以石灰岩为主是造成降水中阳离子,尤其是Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度较大的主要原因.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.