高速土工离心机温升的数值模拟

目的 数值计算高速土工离心机机室温度分布,研究不同真空度和侧壁温度对机室温升的影响,并为高速土工离心机提出温控方案。方法 针对一款在建的高速土工离心机,采用SRF方法和RNG k-ε湍流模型对其进行数值计算,对比不同转速下离心机的温升。针对加速度为1 500g的运行工况,对比不同机室压力和侧壁温度对机室温升的影响。结果 高速土工离心机以1 500g加速度运行时,机室最高温度可达83 ℃。运行压力从100 kPa降至3 kPa,机室最高温度下降约15 ℃,侧壁温度每降低10 ℃,机室最高温度降低约5 ℃。另外,真空度配合侧壁冷却无法满足散热要求时,可考虑在机室顶部靠侧壁布置面积不小于顶部面积1/4的冷却环。结论 利用CFD数值计算方法,定量得到了高速土工离心机机室温度随转速、真空度和侧壁温度的变化,为其冷却方案的设计提供了参考。     

基于双电极传感器的腐蚀电流检测系统抗扰技术

目的 针对金属电化学腐蚀中腐蚀电流检测,设计一种高精度I-V转换的微电流检测电路,突破宽范围微弱电流高精度检测技术。方法 通过分析电路的稳定性,针对100 pA~10 mA的微弱腐蚀电流采集,采用法安级偏置运放实现I-V转换,设计基于ADG708电子开关的8档自动调节电路,并通过24位ADC实现高精度模数转换。针对微弱电流采集中信号易受噪声的影响,设计自适应滤波器用于信号滤波处理。结果 通过MATLAB仿真自适应滤波器的有效性,结果表明,在采集i(k)=2sin(2πk)电流时,误差从0.29 mA(1σ)降低到0.003 9 mA(1σ)。通过电流源校准测试系统精度,在100 pA时误差最大,为4.7%;在10 mA时误差最小,为0.049%。当电流值低于100 nA时,测量误差可以控制在5%以内;100 nA以上时,测量误差可以控制在1%以内。结论 在微弱电流采样中引入自适应滤波器后,系统的采样精度显著提高,突破了宽范围的腐蚀电流采集技术,实现了微弱电流检测。可以将腐蚀电流应用在金属腐蚀速率的评价中。     

基于多种测试平台喷雾粒径特性实验研究

目的 研究平台环境差异对喷雾液滴粒径造成的影响。方法 分别在喷嘴测试台、直流吸气式风洞、闭口回流式结冰风洞等3种测试平台上开展喷雾液滴粒径测量,并将测量结果进行对比分析。结果 各平台喷雾dMVD随水气压变化的规律性都较好,dMVD随着水压的增大而增大,随着气压的增大而减小。对于dMVD≤30 μm的工况,3种测试平台的dMVD测量结果接近,但粒径分布存在差异。对于dMVD>30 μm的工况,直流吸气式风洞和闭口回流式结冰风洞喷雾的dMVD都比喷嘴测试台大,粒径分布向大颗粒方向偏移。结论 气流温度、速度、环境湿度、湍流度以及平台构型等环境因素均对喷雾液滴粒径产生影响,多因素耦合作用使得闭口回流式结冰风洞液滴的蒸发、碰撞合并、破碎等行为都更强烈,从而造成了其与喷嘴测试台、直流吸气式风洞喷雾的粒径特性存在差异。     

应用遗传算法建立云杉针叶表面PCDD/Fs光解半衰期的预测模型

采用量子化学PM3算法计算PCDD/Fs的量子化学参数,应用遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm, GA)对所建模型中的变量进行筛选,建立了能预测吸附到云杉[Picea abies (L.) Karst.]针叶表面的PCDD/Fs光解半衰期(t_1/2)的定量结构-性质关系(QSPR)模型,认为影响PCDD/Fs光解速率的主要因素是分子最高占据轨道能(E_HOMO)、前线分子轨道能量差(E_LUMO-E_HOMO)和平均极化率(α).随着EHOMO和α的增大;其lg t_1/2值增大,PCDD/Fs的lg t_1/2值与其(E_LUMO-E_HOMO)值呈抛物线关系,当E_LUMO-E_HOMO＝7.847时,lg t_1/2有最小值;当E_LUMO-E_HOMO≤7.847时,lg t_1/2值随着E_LUMO-E_HOMO的增大而减小;当E_LUMO-E_HOMO≥7.847时,lg t_1/2值随着E_LUMO-E_HOMO的增大而增大.     

不同光强下光催化降解对氯苯甲酸钠动力学

以对氯苯甲酸钠为模型污染物,研究了不同光强条件下的光催化降解动力学.结果表明对氯苯甲酸钠的光催化降解动力学可以用Langmuir-Hinshelwood模式来描述,但其中的动力学参数与光强有关.速率常数k_r随入射光强的升高而增加,而表观吸附常数K_s却随入射光强的升高而降低.k_r和K_s^-1近似与光强呈幂函数的关系.说明提高光强虽然可以增加光催化降解速率但会降低其能量利用效率,如何使用低光强照射可能是提高光催化氧化反应器能量利用效率的重要因素之一.     

航行体跨音速斜射入水流动特性数值模拟研究

目的 研究航行体跨音速斜射入水的流动特性,获得不同入水攻角下航行体跨音速可压缩入水特性。方法 建立跨音速航行体的几何模型,采用VOF(Volume of Fluid)均相流模型、SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型进行数值模拟,并进行液相可压缩修正,对比不同入水攻角下的入水可压缩流动特性,分析绕航行体空泡的发展规律与航行体姿态和受力特性。结果 计算了不同入水攻角下航行体跨音速斜射入水可压缩流动特性,入水攻角对空泡直径几乎没有影响,但不同攻角下,空泡形态随时间的发展明显不同,并且随着正负攻角的增加,空泡的完整性遭到破坏。航行体弹道轨迹偏移量,随正攻角的增大而增加,随负攻角的增大先增加、后减小。航行体水平和垂直受力随正攻角的增大而减小,随负攻角的增大先增大、后减小。结论 在不同入水攻角下,航行体跨音速入水流动结构的发展具有相似性,但是随着攻角的变化,入水空泡结构、弹道偏移、受力特性都发生明显变化。     

机室真空度对高速土工离心机风阻和环境温度影响的数值研究

目的 揭示机室真空度对高速离心机风阻和环境温度的影响机制和规律。方法 基于多参考坐标系计算方法,开展离心机环形机室的三维流动传热数值模拟。结果 在本文的研究范围内,随着机室真空度的下降,离心机风阻功率单调降低,相对于常压环境,当机室真空度降低为5、30 kPa时,风阻功率分别降低超过90%和60%。机室真空度的降低,一方面引起黏性耗散产热的减弱,另一方面也弱化了机室表面对流换热和机室空气的传热能力,体现出复杂的环境温度影响机制。相对于常压环境,机室真空度为5、30 kPa时,离心机室环境最高温度分别降低约24.7、9.4 K。结论 在本文的研究参数范围内,降低机室真空度可以有效降低环境温度,且在真空度降低至10 kPa以下时,降温幅度更为明显。     

定子叶片数对泵喷推进器空化性能的影响

目的 在改善泵喷推进器(泵喷)水动力性能的同时,兼顾其空化性能。方法 以某前置泵喷为原型,采用基于密度修正的RNG k-ε双方程湍流模型,结合Zwart空化方程,数值研究定子叶片数(Ns= 6~10)对空化性能的影响。结果 泵喷空化主要为叶梢涡空化和叶片表面的片状空化,而时–频空化曲线与叶片数目有关,其中单转子表面空化与定子数目相关,而总空化面积与转–定子影响有关。结论 增加定子叶片数虽然提高了泵喷推力和扭矩,但转子叶片及叶梢负荷增加,使空化范围大幅度增加。最终Ns从6增加到10时,总空化体积涨幅超过5倍。分析空化流动中的涡量输运方程发现,膨胀收缩项在空化演化占主导作用,并且随着定子叶数的增加而增大。     

民用飞机实验室APU开车高温尾气排放影响因素分析

目的 对民用飞机APU在气候实验室内开展极端气候环境下的起动和工作试验,建立一种APU高温尾气安全排放方法。方法 用CFD仿真手段对采用排气管道将APU高温尾气排出气候实验室的可行性及影响因素(包括管道直径、距离、背压等)进行系统性分析研究。结果 气管道入口距离APU管道出口过近时,将有利于APU排气,引射比ε与排气管道出口压力Pex及排气管道直径D线性相关,排放温度tex与管道直径D成反比。在排气管道入口设置平滑收敛段,利于消除涡流,减轻负压程度,并在一定范围内提高引射比。结论 采用管道被动排气是可行的,合适的排气管道设计为D/d=2.0,L/d=1.5,并在管道入口设置平滑收敛段。     

UV/微曝气联用工艺对内分泌干扰物BP的去除效果和影响因素

采用新型工艺UV/微曝气对水中内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（BP）进行降解研究.结果表明,UV/微曝气是一种高级氧化法,可以有效去除水中BP;UV/微曝气联用工艺降解BP受本底TOC值、BP初始浓度值、UV光强以及溶液初始pH影响较大.随着TOC值的降低,BP降解速率k₁迅速增加;随着光强的增大,BP的降解速率呈线性增长;在189～410 μg/L浓度范围内,k₁随着BP浓度的增大而逐步增大,在410～971 μg/L浓度的范围内,k₁随着浓度的增大而逐步降低;pH 2.77～4.01范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较大,pH 4.70～8.16范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较低.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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