Concentration and Recovery of Viruses from Water: A Comprehensive Review

Enteric viruses are a cause of waterborne disease worldwide, and low numbers in drinking water can present a significant risk of infection. Because the numbers are often quite low, large volumes (100–1,000 L) of water are usually processed. The VIRADEL method using microporous filters is most commonly used today for this purpose. Negatively charged filters require the addition of multivalent salts and acidification of the water sample to effect virus adsorption, which can make large-volume sampling difficult. Positively charged filters require no preconditioning of samples, and are able to concentrate viruses from water over a greater pH range than electronegative filters. The most widely used electropositive filter is the Virosorb 1MDS; however, the Environmental Protection Agency has added the positively charged NanoCeram filters to their proposed Method 1615. Ultrafilters concentrate viruses based on size exclusion rather than electrokinetics, but are impractical for field sampling or processing of turbid water. Elution (recovery) of viruses from filters following concentration is performed with organic (e.g., beef extract) or inorganic solutions (e.g., sodium polyphosphates). Eluates are then reconcentrated to decrease the sample volume to enhance detection methods (e.g., cell culture infectivity assays and molecular detection techniques). While the majority of available filters have demonstrated high virus retention efficiencies, the methods to elute and reconcentrate viruses have met with varying degrees of success due to the biological variability of viruses present in water.     

特殊钢酸洗冲洗废水的处理及回用

介绍了特殊钢酸洗冲洗废水采用电石渣作中和剂，调节废水ｐＨ值，同时生成重金属氢氧化沉淀物，用“戈尔”薄膜液体过滤器过滤废水，过滤后清水回用，泥渣外运，实现了以废治废，综合利用，闭路循环的处理     

基于多属性决策方法的饮用水健康风险全面评价

分别从整体和单个指标两方面对饮用水的健康风险进行全面评价。整体评价方面,引入多属性决策方法对饮用水进行覆盖全部指标的健康风险评价。在给出指标不达标阈概念的基础上,提出了一个以指标从达标到不达标阈的敏感度为依据计算指标权重的方法。单个指标的健康风险评价方面,应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对饮用水中的重金属指标进行健康风险评价,改进饮用水中污染物为有机物的健康风险评价模型达到对饮用水中的有机物指标进行健康风险合理评价。最后给出一个算例对所提方法进行了验证。结果表明,将多属性方法与目前普遍使用的健康风险评价方法结合起来使用能够实现从整体上和单个指标上对饮用水健康风险进行全面评价,从而更具实效性。     

饮用水中氯化产物水合氯醛、三氯乙酸的活性炭富集顶空分析法研究

以活性炭为富集材料,经酸化和甲酯衍生化后,饮用水中非挥发性的水合氯醛和三氯乙酸可以从活性炭的吸附态定量地释出气体,利用顶空法取样,GC/ECD进行测定。对不同水样检测结果表明,饮用水中水合氯醛、三氯乙酸来自氯化消毒过程。控制水源有机质污染,装置活性炭过滤器,延长烧水煮沸时间,可有效地减少人体对其摄入量。     

美国水环境保护的机制与措施

以加利福尼亚州水环境保护工作为例,介绍了美国水环境保护工作的机构设置、职能划分、资金机制以及工业污染源管理模式,包括排放标准的制订原则、总量控制与排放许可证制度等,还介绍了美国的水环境监测和水环境功能区的划分方法,污水处理的机制和技术,面源管理情况等内容.美国水环境管理的机制和措施具有与我国不同的特色,对美国的水环境保护起到了良好的效果,其中一些较好的经验和技术是值得我国环境保护工作借鉴的.     

Torpor and energetic consequences in free-ranging grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus): a comparison of dry and wet forests

Many endotherms save energy during food and water shortage or unpredictable environment using controlled reductions in body temperature and metabolism called torpor. In this study, we measured energy metabolism and water turnover in free-ranging grey mouse lemurs Microcebus murinus (approximately 60 g) using doubly labelled water during the austral winter in the rain forest of southeastern Madagascar. We then compared patterns of thermal biology between grey mouse lemurs from the rain forest and a population from the dry forest. M. murinus from the rain forest, without a distinct dry season, entered daily torpor independent of ambient temperature (T _a). There were no differences in torpor occurrence, duration and depth between M. murinus from the rain and dry forest. Mouse lemurs using daily torpor reduced their energy expenditure by 11% in the rain forest and by 10.5% in the dry forest, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean water flux rates of mouse lemurs remaining normothermic between populations of both sites. In contrast, mean water flux rate of individuals from the dry forest that used torpor was significantly lower than those from the rain forest. This study represents the first account of energy expenditure, water flux and skin temperature (T _sk) in free-ranging M. murinus from the rain forest. Our comparative findings suggest that water turnover and therefore water requirement during the austral winter months plays a more restricting role on grey mouse lemurs from the dry forest than on those from the rain forest.     

保护淡水资源实现可持续发展

世界正面临水资源危机，合理开发和利用水资源，树立节水意识，遏制生活废水和工业废水对水体日益加剧的污染，已成为当前迫切需要解决的问题。石化工业是用水大户，也是废水排放大户，因此必须要提高节水意识，强化污水处理，推广清洁工艺，为保护水资源作贡献     

上海某黄浦江原水供水系统中主要致嗅物质的迁移规律分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用研究了上海市某黄浦江水源供水系统中2-甲基异莰醇(M1B)、土味素(GSM)和余氯的迁移变化规律.结果表明,黄浦江源水及其各级净水工艺处理水、管网水和二次供水系统末端水中均含有MIB和GSM,分别在2～18 ng/L和2.68～5.06 ng/L之间;其浓度经水厂各级工艺处理后明显下...     

小鼠骨髓微核试验评价某市水源水及自来水的遗传毒性

在以往Ａｍｅｓ和ＶＤＳ试验的基础上，运用小鼠体内微核试验检测了某市自来水公司所属的８个水厂水源水、自来水及２个新拟建水厂源水的有机提取物的遗传毒性。结果表明，除２个新拟建水厂的源水外，该市原来的水源水和自来水，均可不同程度地诱导小鼠微核率的升高，并有明显的剂量反应关系。这说明，该市原来的水源水已受到不同程度的污染，而２个新拟建水厂的取水点则水质较好。     

饮用水源中三卤甲烷含量及与遗传毒性的相关性研究

通过对某市饮用水源中不同点位的三卤甲烷浓度测试,同时采用SOS/ Umu 试验对水体进行生物遗传毒性分析,结果表明:采用液氯消毒工艺的地表水厂在消毒后水样和用户端水样中检出的三卤甲烷含量较高,而采用二氧化氯消毒的地下水厂的出水中挥发性有机物仅略有上升;进行三卤甲烷浓度和生物遗传毒性之间的相关性分析得知,三卤甲烷和间接遗传毒性的相关性较好.     

Removal of adhesive dusts from flue gas using corona discharges with spraying water

Effective removal of adhesive and fine dusts from flue gas is very difficult. A new method of electrostatic precipitation of the corona discharges with spraying water(CDSW) was introduced. A new electrode configuration and the circulation spraying of water were employed in the method. The efficient electrostatic precipitation for adhesive and fine dusts can be accomplished without any drain water during a long operating period. The fundamental structure, discharge characteristics, mechanism of spraying and precipitation principle of the electrostatic precipitation using CDSW were described and analyzed. The V-I characteristics, spraying state, supplying water quantity, influence of temperature and clean of the electrodes were researched in series experiments. The treating effects of circulating spraying using the corona plasma at the same time of electrostatic precipitation were investigated. The fundamental theories and experimental data were proposed, in order to effectively remove the adhesive dusts from flue gas using CDSW in practice.     

Organic pollutants removal from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene （TNT） red water using low cost activated coke

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water from Chinese explosive industry was adsorbed by activated coke (AC) from lignite. Since the composition of TNT red water was very complicated, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was used as the index for evaluating the treatment efficiency. This study focused on the sorption kinetics and equilibrium sorption isotherms of AC for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from TNT red water, and the changes of water quality before and after adsorption were evaluated by using high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), UV-vis spectra and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The results showed that the sorption kinetics of adsorbing COD from TNT red water onto AC was fitted well with the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption process was an exothermic and physical process. The sorption isotherm was in good agreement with Redlich–Peterson isotherm. At the conditions of initial pH, 20℃ and 3 hr of agitation, when the AC dosage was 160 g L-1, 64.8% of COD could be removed. The removal efficiencies of 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO3-) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO3-) were 80.5% and 84.3%, respectively. After adsorption, the acute toxicity of TNT red water reduced 81.8%, compared with that of unprocessed TNT red water.     

MBR技术在石化污水处理中的应用

根据锦西石化污水的性质，讨论了利用膜生物反应器与反渗透技术相结合，处理石油化工行业污水的技术路线。结果表明采用此工艺，对于可生化性差、污染物成分相对复杂的石化行业污水，经过处理后，水质稳定，品质高。     

某大厦中水系统改造实例

在明确了中水的概念及其利用范围的基础上,论述了中水利用的必要性、可行性及其重要意义。针对中国国际广播电台业务主楼中水处理系统建造、调试过程中发现的问题,制定了相应的改造方案。改造方案论证后得以实施,改造后的中水系统运行平稳,经检测两项关键指标COD达到6.16,BOD达到0.57,优于国家标准规范要求。     

基于AHP和向量模法的宜昌市水环境承载力研究

基于宜昌市水环境现状,从水资源、水生态、社会经济3个方面考察水环境承载力,构建了宜昌市水环境承载力指标体系,选取对数函数作为单项指标的承载度模型,采用层次分析法计算各个指标的权重,基于统计年鉴资料和当地的发展规划,运用向量模法对2005-2020年的宜昌市水环境承载力进行评价和分析。结果表明,近几年宜昌市水环境整体上处于中等偏上水平,承载力值维持在0.55左右,并且该状态将一直维持到2015年,但伴随着宜昌市社会经济的发展,人口规模的扩张,水资源因子将会是宜昌市水环境承载力的限制因素,可以预知,如果宜昌市保持现有经济结构和发展速度,2020年宜昌市水环境承载力值将有所下降,届时水环境问题势必影响到宜昌市生态环境、社会经济和人民生活。     

造纸废液作过磷酸钙减水剂的应用研究

将造纸废液中的有害成分(MNA)作为生产过磷酸钙的减水剂,从根本上解决了我国湿法生产过磷酸钙成品肥水分超标的难题。实验和工业生产试验采用国产难磨浏阳磷矿,在一定的过磷酸钙生产工艺条件下,添加0.38%干矿粉重量的减水剂,可使球磨添加水量从218kg降至100kg,矿浆含水量从40%降至25%,成品肥含水量从23.88%降至13.42%,有效磷从9.76%升至12.24%。实验和工业试验结果表明,造纸废液用作过磷酸钙减水剂,即可确保产品水分达标,提高肥料质量,又减少了废液排放,治理了环境污染。     

滇池水中有机物去除技术探讨

常规水处理工艺，加氯消毒副产物多，饮水中有机卤代物对健康不利。通过臭氧、活性炭及投加粉末活性炭等实验对以滇池水为源水的饮水中有机物的去除有一定效果。根据这一生产性试验，本文讨论了滇池水深度处理结果和应用效果。     

芯片制造企业节水评价指标体系研究——以上海浦东企业为例

以国家节水企业评价标准与其他类似节水指标为指导,结合芯片制造产业特征与台湾同类企业评价标准,总结提出针对芯片制造产业的节水评价指标.设计指标从总体用水,主要生产单元以及主要辅助单元三方面考察企业用水情况,其中主要生产单元用水作为重要考察对象,包括纯水制造单元和芯片制造线的清洗水回收.运用该指标对现有浦东典型企业用水状况...     

基于回归支持向量机的指标规范值的水质评价模型

传统的回归支持向量机的水质评价模型不具有普适性和通用性,当指标较多时,模型的学习效率和求解精度均会受到影响.若适当设定3类水体(地表水、地下水和富营养化水体)各项指标的参照值及指标值的规范变换式,使不同指标的同级标准的规范值差异不大,从而可以认为用规范值表示的不同指标皆“等效”于某个规范指标.因此,可建立用规范值表示的任意m项指标组合皆适用的水质评价的回归支持向量机模型.通过实例对模型的实用性进行了效果检验,结果表明:用基于回归支持向量机的指标规范值的水质评价模型对河桥地表水、黑龙洞泉域地下水和山仔水库富营养化水体的水质评价结果与用BP神经网络评价法、模糊综合评价法和属性识别评价法的评价结果基本一致.     

Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UPLC-MS/MS

The method for detecting N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was improved by optimizing the clean-up procedure to remove the matrix interference in pretreatment process, and was then applied to a survey of NDMA in both raw and finished water samples from five water treatment plants in South China. The NDMA concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 15.1 ng/L in raw water samples, and from 4.68 to 46.9 ng/L in finished water. The NDMA concentration in raw water was found to be related with nitrite concentration, and during the treatment, the NDMA concentration increased following ozonation but decreased after subsequent activated carbon treatment.