Effect of a seasonal di use pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of di use pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from di use sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM a ected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided e ective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter(NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3+ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

FeOOH催化臭氧氧化滤后水中NOM的小分子副产物的生成

以滤后水中富集、分离出的6种不同特性的天然有机物(NOM)组分为对象,考察了羟基氧化铁（FeOOH）催化臭氧氧化NOM各组分后小分子醛、酮及酮酸副产物的生成情况.发现FeOOH催化氧化比臭氧氧化提高了对NOM 各组分DOC和SUVA的去除率.FeOOH催化氧化并不能有效地降低NOM各组分小分子副产物的产量.催化氧化和臭氧氧化后,憎水中性物质(HON)的醛、酮、酮酸的总产量都最高,NOM碱性组分的小分子副产物产量都相对最低.NOM各组分催化氧化后甲醛和丙酮酸的产量最大,这和单独臭氧氧化的结论一致.特别是HON的甲醛产率占其醛、酮总产量的71.6%,单位DOC丙酮酸的产量达78.6 μg/mg.用NOM组分的小分子副产物折算DOC占各组分氧化后DOC的质量分数来间接显示氧化后剩余DOC的可生物降解性,发现催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化进一步提高了滤后水中NOM各组分的可生化性.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

固定床生物活性炭吸附天然有机物及其模型化研究

以日本长良川原水为研究对象,提高水处理出水水质为目标,研究了生物活性炭(BAC)小柱对原水中天然有机物(NOM)的去除效果。比较了不同NOM进水浓度时BAC小柱对其的去除率,研究了小柱层内及出水中NOM的相对分子量分布随着通水时间增加的变化情况,并利用结合了理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)的平推流表面扩散模型对出水中NOM的浓度进行模拟。结果表明,BAC小柱对不同浓度原水中NOM的去除率均高于相同试验条件下的粒状活性炭(GAC)小柱;BAC小柱对相对分子量分布为1000~5200g/mol内各分子量区间的有机物均可去除;平推流表面扩散模型对试验数据拟合结果较好。     

基于时间序列分析的渐变性水源水质预测研究

针对引黄水库水质渐变性特点,运用时间序列分析理论建立了水质分析模型并对山东省某市某水库的水质变化趋势进行模拟和预测。选取温度、pH、氨氮、浊度、化学耗氧量、亚硝酸盐作为预测变量。水库水质的模拟结果表明除浊度外其余项准确率均达到了80%以上,所建立的水质模型能够合理地反映渐变性水库中水质的动态变化趋势,预测结果较好。     

基于EPANET-MSX的多组分给水管网水质模型的开发与应用

基于EPANET-MSX工具包开发了机制性的多组分给水管网水质模型,模型将管段概化为管壁、生物膜、液膜和液相4个组成部分.模拟过程包括基质利用和微生物生长、微生物衰减和死亡、溶解性物质的液膜传质、不溶性物质的吸附和脱落、余氯与有机物的氧化和卤代反应以及管壁腐蚀消耗余氯等.模拟变量共15个,包括生物膜和液相中各7个变量,即溶解性有机物、不溶性有机物、氨氮、余氯、异养菌、自养菌和惰性颗粒,以及管壁生物膜厚度.利用管段模拟实验数据进行模型验证,模型对余氯和浊度的模拟精度分别为0.1 mg/L和0.3 NTU.案例研究的模拟结果合理地反映了给水管网中余氯和浊度的动态变化特征,而同时考虑水厂出水水质可变性和参数不确定性的Monte Carlo模拟则可用于评价案例给水管网的水质超标风险.     

水文水质模型联合应用于水库水质预测研究

联合应用流域水文非点源AnnAGNPS模型和水库水质CE-QUAL-W2模型,AnnAGNPS模型输出黑河流域非点源污染负荷,将其转化为金盆水库入库浓度作为CE-QUAL-W2模型的输入,对黑河金盆水质进行预测,研究非点源污染对陕西金盆水库水质影响.结果表明,在对水库水质进行预测时,应对洪水期和非洪水期的非点源污染区别对待.非点源污染在洪水期时对金盆水库水质有较大影响,而在非洪水期时非点源污染对水库水质影响不显著.非点源污染对水库纵向和垂向水质影响存在差异性.林地对流域非点源污染削减起到很大作用.     

暴雨径流潜流过程及其对分层水库水质的影响

为探究汛期暴雨径流潜入演变过程及其对分层水库水质的影响,以西安金盆水库为研究对象,对2015年6月和2017年10月2次暴雨径流过程中各监测点水温、溶解氧、浊度、总氮、总磷和COD_Mn等水质指标进行持续监测.结果表明：径流量在300~400m³/s时,潜流经历全断面径流-底部潜流-中部潜流3个阶段,最终潜入主库区中部水体.暴雨径流的汇入使水库热分层结构稳定性受到一定破坏,中下部水体溶解氧得到补充.暴雨径流携带的大量泥沙及氮、磷营养盐等污染物质会对水库水质造成较大冲击,2015年6月暴雨径流使水库中层水体总氮、总磷、COD_Mn和浊度从1.60,0.021,3.70mg/L和5NTU增大为2.37,0.100,5.80mg/L和93NTU,水质污染特征为短时高污染负荷.     

南水北调丹江口水库原水有机物分子组成规律及其强化混凝处理的效能对比

以取自南水北调中线工程的丹江口水库原水作为研究对象,考察了丹江口水库原水中有机物的分子量大小和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并确定了其所适用的强化混凝工艺条件.分离试验表明,丹江口原水中有机物主要以小分子量形式存在.其中,1 000组分的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254所占比例最大,分别为39.98%和39.10%,且此区间还具有最高的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP).亲疏水性方面,原水中弱疏水性组分含量最高,疏水性有机物的比例用DOC表征时超过80%.强疏水性组分含量最低但是强疏水性组分的THMFP最大,占总量的57.31%,而各组分的NDBPFP则相差不大.混凝试验表明,当采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS,4 mg·L-1)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,0.4 mg·L-1)处理丹江口原水时,强化混凝效果最好,可实现较为有效的去除浊度(76.33%)、DOC(25.57%)、UV254(37.78%)及THMFP(23.16%).本研究成果可为南水北调河南受水区既有水厂升级改造与工艺的优化运行提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

北京市官厅水库水质预报系统

CE-QUAL-W2模型是近年来新开发的水动力学与水质模型,可模拟河流、湖泊、水库等 不同条件下多种污染物的迁移转化规律.根据官厅水库狭长、水浅和水文、水力、水质扩散 等特点,采用CE-QUAL-W2模型模拟其水质变化,并对模拟模型水质参数进行验证,将其用于官 厅水库水质的预测研究;进而提出官厅水库水污染控制的对策及建议.     

两种生态净化措施对水源水库光学环境的影响

为了评估生态净化措施对水体光学环境的影响,以上海金泽水库为例,在微纳米曝气复氧和水生植物净化两种生态净化措施前后布设采样点进行了光学衰减系数（水体光合辐照度（PAR）衰减系数）、真光层深度和透明度及相关水质指标的监测和分析.结果表明：水生植物净化和曝气复氧净化措施有利于水体光学环境的改善,经微纳米曝气后,水体透明度增大20%~25%,真光层深度增大2.2%~14.8%,光学衰减系数降低0.4%~4.4%;经水生植物净化后,水体透明度增大20%~29.4%,真光层深度增大6%~20%,光学衰减系数降低17.3%~20.5%.逐步回归结果表明不同生态净化措施的光学环境改善机制不同,微纳米曝气主要通过叶绿素、溶解性有机物、温度、溶解氧影响水体光学环境,水生植物净化主要通过浊度影响水体光学环境.冬季,两种生态净化措施对总氮和溶解性有机物均没有改善效果.     

珊溪水库库区及入库支流水体紫外光谱特征分析研究

珊溪水库是温州地区的重要饮用水源地之一。在“五水共治”时代背景下,“保供水”特别是确保我市饮用水源安全是“五水共治”的组成部分之一。本文采用紫外光谱特征分析法评估珊溪水库主库区及主要入库支流考核断面水环境质量状况。分析结果表明：从黄坦坑、李井坑等监测站位的紫外特征吸收峰SUVA254分析二者污染较重,有机质芳化度、分子量和腐殖化水平相对较大。库区胡敏酸含量比富里酸含量大,支流天然水溶解性有机质( DOM)有机物分子缩合度高,腐殖化程度从支流到水库逐渐增大。     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

水中天然有机物的臭氧强化光催化降解研究

研究了饮用水源中大分子天然有机物（NOM）的臭氧强化光催化降解,考察了臭氧投加量、反应时间和HCO3^-浓度对NOM降解速率的影响;分析了臭氧强化光催化过程中NOM相对分子质量的变化,并比较不同相对分子质量大小NOM的降解速率.研究结果表明,臭氧强化光催化比单独臭氧氧化、光催化能更有效地降解NOM,同时增加臭氧投加量和反应时间才能有效提高臭氧强化光催化对TOC的去除率,而单独增加臭氧投加量可显著提高生物可降解性;HCO3^-显著降低光催化的降解效果,臭氧强化光催化能有效地减弱HCO3^-的不利影响;臭氧强化光催化过程中大分子NOM分解为小分子,SUVA值迅速下降,且相对分子质量越大矿化速度越快.     

有色可溶性有机物在线荧光技术在水质监测中的应用

FDOM（荧光有机物）在线荧光探头是采用激发波长370 nm和发射波长460 nm下荧光强度来计算水体CDOM（有色可溶性有机物）丰度的传感器,为探究该传感器在内陆水体水质监测中的应用和适用性,以水源供给水库千岛湖为案例,通过FDOM荧光探头监测该湖泊不同季节CDOM丰度,结合CDOM光谱吸收、ρ（DOC）（DOC表示溶解性有机碳）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Mn）、ρ（DTN）（DTN表示溶解性总氮）、ρ（DTP）（DTP表示溶解性总磷）和ρ（Chla）等水质参数数据,揭示FDOM荧光强度与其他水质参数的耦合关系,检验FDOM荧光探头对有机物的监测能力.结果表明:①2014年5月千岛湖TLI平均值（38.4±4.4）显著高于2018年10月TLI平均值34.9±3.0（t-test,P < 0.001）,根据TLI及各水质参数平均值判定该湖处于中贫营养状态.②大部分水质参数呈现出由西北入湖河口向下游大坝出水口方向递减的趋势,表明上游新安江对该湖有机物具有较大的贡献.③FDOM荧光强度与CDOM吸收系数a（254）（R2=0.91,P < 0.01）、a（350）（R2=0.90,P < 0.01）均呈极显著正相关且具有较高的线性拟合优度,这意味着FDOM荧光强度可以很好地表征CDOM丰度.④FDOM荧光强度与ρ（DOC）（R2=0.49,P < 0.01）、ρ（TN）（R2=0.61,P < 0.01）、ρ（TP）（R2=0.75,P < 0.01）、ρ（COD_Mn）（R2=0.35,P < 0.01）、ρ（DTN）（R2=0.59,P < 0.01）、ρ（DTP）（R2=0.56,P < 0.01）、ρ（Chla）（R2=0.68,P < 0.01）均呈极显著正相关且与大多数水质参数具有相似的分布特征,并且能很好地识别潜在污染物高值区.研究显示,荧光探头在可见波长下所得陆源类腐殖酸FDOM荧光强度能很好地成为潜在污染物替代指标,并能有效呈现有机物分布特征,因而该技术在饮用水湖泊水质监测中具有潜在广阔的应用前景.      

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的释放效应分析

沉积物有机质是湖泊物质循环的重要组成部分之一,研究沉积物有机质的赋存和迁移转化特征对于湖泊生态保护具有重要意义.以位于我国寒旱区的蒙新湖区典型代表湖泊——呼伦湖为例,利用连续提取法、三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱-平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）和碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、碳氮比值（C/N）指标测定,并结合室内模拟试验,研究了呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质的赋存特征、释放效应及影响因素.结果表明:①呼伦湖表层沉积物有机质含量在26.67~38.09 g/kg之间,其主要组分为胡敏素（HM）,HM占沉积物有机质的相对比例为74.1%.沉积物有机质主要来自于陆源,陆源相对贡献率在80%左右.②沉积物室内静态释放模拟试验结果表明,沉积物有机质释放会导致上覆水中溶解性有机质（DOM）浓度和组分均发生改变,上覆水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度由30.85 mg/L升至37.57 mg/L,类腐殖质组分所占比例升高.沉积物有机质释放还导致上覆水中氮磷浓度升高,其中溶解性总氮（DTN）和溶解性总磷（DTP）的浓度分别升高了0.89和0.16 mg/L.③近年来,呼伦湖流域温度升高,导致呼伦湖沉积物有机质的释放效应增强.研究显示,虽然呼伦湖沉积物有机质主要以难降解组分为主,但是其释放效应对水体碳、氮、磷浓度的影响仍然不容忽视.      

Effects of sediment dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake

Effects of suction dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake,were evaluated.The results showed that a decreasing trend for levels of phosphorus,organic matter,total suspended solids,Chlorophyll a and Secchi transparency in the water column was found,while levels of water depth,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids and NO 3--N concentration increased markedly post-dredging.The effects of dredging on dissolved oxygen,pH value and temperature were alm...     

感潮河段盐度和缺氧水体时空分布规律研究

感潮河段水体的物质输运规律及其时空分布不仅受径流、潮汐动力的双重影响,还受水闸调度等人类活动的影响.针对水闸调度影响下感潮河段复杂的水动力学及其伴随的物质输运过程,提出一种新的算盘式网格结构,建立了水动力学和物质输送的三维数学模型,考察了在径流、潮汐及水闸调度综合作用下,感潮河段水流密度分层的特点,并对水体中溶解氧和盐度的时空分布规律及其影响因素进行研究.结果发现,数值模拟计算结果与观测值吻合良好,表明所建立的三维数值模型可以很好地预测感潮河段的水流运动和物质输运规律.研究表明,感潮河段的缺氧水体首先出现在盐水楔的前端,在盐-淡水分层强度、盐水停留时间及水闸调度的综合作用下,出现溶解氧浓度持续降低的趋势,并导致缺氧水体范围从河口上游向下游扩展,随水闸的放流缺氧水体被冲刷的现象.